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var chpdata = [
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch1",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The equation in which the number of atoms of various elements on both sides of a chemical equation are equal in accordance with the law of conservation of mass is called",
          "ans": "(b) balanced equation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) valanced equation",
            "(b) balanced equation",
            "(c) unbalanced equation",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following processes involves chemical reactions?",
          "ans": "(d) Heating copper wire in the presence of air at high temperature",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Storing of oxygen gas in a gas cylinder",
            "(b) Liquification of air",
            "(c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in open",
            "(d) Heating copper wire in the presence of air at high temperature"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements regarding the given reaction is correct? <br/>3Fe(s) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g) &#x27F6; Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(s) + 4H<sub>2</sub>(g)",
          "ans": "(d) All of these",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Iron is getting oxidised",
            "(b) Water is getting reduced",
            "(c) Water is acting as oxidising agent",
            "(d) All of these"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Three beakers labelled A, B and C each containing 25 mL of water were taken. A small amount of NaOH, anhydrous CuSO<sub>4</sub> and NaCl were added to the beakers A, B and C respectively. It was observed that there was an increase in the temperature of the solution contained in the beakers A and B whereas in case of beaker C, the temperature of the solution falls. Which of the following statements are correct?",
          "ans": "(d) (a) and (b) both",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) In beakers A and B exothermic process has occurred.",
            "(b) In beaker C endothermic process has occurred.",
            "(c) In beaker A, B and C both exothermic and endothermic process has occurred.",
            "(d) (a) and (b) both"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Solid calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide accompanied by liberation of heat. This process is called slaking of lime. Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form a solution called lime water. Which among the following are true about slaking of lime and the solution formed?",
          "ans": "(d) (a) and (c) both.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) It is an exothermic reaction.",
            "(b) It is an endothermic reaction.",
            "(c) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than seven.",
            "(d) (a) and (c) both."
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is true: Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to",
          "ans": "(a) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride.",
            "(b) decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride.",
            "(c) oxidation of silver chloride.",
            "(d) sublimation of silver chloride."
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified potassium permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. Which of the following is correct explanation for the observation?",
          "ans": "(a) KMnO<sub>4</sub> is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO<sub>4</sub>.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) KMnO<sub>4</sub> is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO<sub>4</sub>.",
            "(b) FeSO<sub>4</sub> acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO<sub>4</sub>.",
            "(c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is involved.",
            "(d) None of these."
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following is/are double displacement reactions?",
          "ans": "(b) Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + BaCl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2NaCl",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pb + CuCl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; PbCl<sub>2</sub> + Cu",
            "(b) Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + BaCl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2NaCl",
            "(c) Both ",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is an endothermic reaction process?",
          "ans": "(d) Both (a) and (c)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sublimation of dry ice",
            "(b) Dilution of sulphuric acid",
            "(c) Evaporation of water",
            "(d) Both (a) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is observed/formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available which of the following can be used in place of lead nitrate?",
          "ans": "(b) lead acetate",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) lead sulphate",
            "(b) lead acetate",
            "(c) ammonium nitrate",
            "(d) potassium sulphate"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The following reactions is used for the preparation of the oxygen gas in the laboratory.",
          "ans": "(a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch1mc1.jpg",
            "width": "287",
            "height": "33"
          },
          "options": [
            "Which of the following statements is/are correct about the reaction? <br/>(a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.",
            "(b) It is a combination reaction.",
            "(c) It is a decomposition reaction accompanied by release of heat.",
            "(d) None of these."
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are combination reactions?",
          "ans": "(c) Both",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) MgO + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>",
            "(b) 4Al + 3O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>",
            "(c) Both",
            "(d) None of these."
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What happens when dilute HCl acid is added to iron filings?",
          "ans": "(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.",
            "(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.",
            "(c) Iron salt and water are produced.",
            "(d) None of these."
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements about the reaction below are incorrect? <br/>2PbO(s) + C(s) &#x27F6; 2Pb(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)",
          "ans": "(d) (a) and (c) both",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Lead is getting reduced.",
            "(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.",
            "(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.",
            "(d) (a) and (c) both"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2Al &#x27F6; Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2Fe <br/>The above reaction is an example of",
          "ans": "(c) displacement reaction",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) combination reaction",
            "(b) double displacement reaction",
            "(c) displacement reaction",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What type of coating is formed on copper articles when they get corroded?",
          "ans": "(b) Green",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Blue",
            "(b) Green",
            "(c) White",
            "(d) Red"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which metal does not corrode in moist air?",
          "ans": "(a) Gold",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Gold",
            "(b) Aluminium",
            "(c) Copper",
            "(d) Iron"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Rancidity of food items occurs due to",
          "ans": "(d) Oxidation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Decomposition",
            "(b) Displacement",
            "(c) Reduction",
            "(d) Oxidation"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When silver oxidises, it forms a black coating of",
          "ans": "(c) Silver sulphide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Silver oxide",
            "(b) Silver carbonate",
            "(c) Silver sulphide",
            "(d) Silver hydroxide"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The green coating on copper due to oxidation is of",
          "ans": "(b) Copper carbonate",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Copper oxide",
            "(b) Copper carbonate",
            "(c) Copper hydroxide",
            "(d) Copper nitrate"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a physical change?*",
          "ans": "(d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Boiling of water to give water vapour",
            "(b) Melting of ice to give water",
            "(c) Dissolution of salt in water",
            "(d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The following reaction is an example of a* <br/>4NH<sub>3</sub> (g) + 5O<sub>2</sub>(g) &#x27F6; 4NO(g) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <br/>(i) displacement reaction <br/>(ii) combination reaction <br/>(iii) redox reaction <br/>(iv) neutralisation reaction",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are exothermic processes?* <br/>(i) Reaction of water with quick lime <br/>(ii) Dilution of an acid <br/>(iii) Evaporation of water <br/>(iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals)",
          "ans": "(a) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which amongst the following statement(s) is(are) true? <br/>Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns silver chloride grey due to* <br/>(i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride <br/>(ii) sublimation of silver chloride <br/>(iii) decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride <br/>(iv) oxidation of silver chloride",
          "ans": "(a) (i) only",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) only",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (iv) only"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Barium chloride on reacting with ammonium sulphate forms barium sulphate and ammonium chloride. Which of the following correctly represents the type of the reaction involved?* <br/>(i) Displacement reaction <br/>(ii) Precipitation reaction <br/>(iii) Combination reaction <br/>(iv) Double displacement reaction",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) only",
            "(b) (ii) only",
            "(c) (iv) only",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated during electrolysis of water is*",
          "ans": "(b) 2 : 1",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1 : 1",
            "(b) 2 : 1",
            "(c) 4 : 1",
            "(d) 1 : 2",
            "option2"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is(are) an endothermic process(es)?* <br/>(i) Dilution of sulphuric acid <br/>(ii) Sublimation of dry ice <br/>(iii) Condensation of water vapours <br/>(iv) Evaporation of water",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) only",
            "(c) (iii) only",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following gases can be used for storage of fresh sample of an oil for a long time?*",
          "ans": "(d) Helium or nitrogen",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Carbon dioxide or oxygen",
            "(b) Nitrogen or oxygen",
            "(c) Carbon dioxide or helium",
            "(d) Helium or nitrogen"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The following reaction is used for the preparation of oxygen gas in the laboratory <br/>",
          "ans": "(a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch1mc2.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "options": [
            "Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct about the reaction?* <br/>(a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.",
            "(b) It is a combination reaction.",
            "(c) It is a decomposition reaction and accompanied by release of heat.",
            "(d) It is a photochemical decomposition reaction and exothermic in nature."
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following processes involve chemical reactions?*",
          "ans": "(d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder",
            "(b) Liquefaction of air",
            "(c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open",
            "(d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following chemical equations the abbreviations represent the correct states of the reactants and products involved at reaction temperature?*",
          "ans": "(d) 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 2H<sub>2</sub>(l) + O<sub>2</sub>(l) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)",
            "(b) 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(l) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)",
            "(c) 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)",
            "(d) 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are combination reactions?* <br/>(i) 2KClO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; 2KCl + 3O<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) MgO + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) 4Al + 3O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <br/>(iv) Zn + FeSO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + Fe",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 32
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Define a chemical reaction. State four observations which help us to determine that a chemical reaction has taken place. <br/>Write one example of each observation with a balanced chemical equation.",
          "ans": "A process in which new products with properties different than the reactants are formed is called a chemical reaction. <br/>(i) <b>Evolution of gas:</b> The chemical reaction between Zinc and dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zn + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>↑ <br/>(ii) <b>Change in colour:</b> The chemical reaction between potassium iodide and lead nitrate. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2KI &#x27F6; 2KNO<sub>3</sub> + PbI<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) <b>Change in state:</b> The chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gas. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) &#x27F6; 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <br/>(iv) <b>Change in temperature:</b> The chemical reaction between Quick lime and water. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CaO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(s) &#x27F6; Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Heat",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Identify the type of chemical reaction in the following statements and explain each one of them: <br/>(i) Digestion of food in our body (ii) Rusting of iron <br/>(iii) Heating of manganese dioxide with aluminium powder. <br/>(iv) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution disappears when iron filings are added to it. <br/>(v) Dilute HCl is added to sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium chloride and water.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Decomposition Reaction:</b> Glucose is formed by the decomposition of carbohydrates. <br/>(ii) <b>Oxidation Reaction:</b> When an iron object is left in moist air for a considerable time, it gets covered with rust which is formed by reaction of iron with water vapour in the air. <br/>(iii) <b>Redox reaction:</b> Aluminium gets oxidised and manganese gets reduced. <br/>(iv) <b>Displacement reaction:</b> Iron is more reactive so it displaces copper from the copper sulphate solution. <br/>(v) <b>Double displacement reaction:</b> Two compounds exchange ions to form new products.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What happens when zinc granules are treated with dilute solutions of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HCl, HNO<sub>3</sub>, NaCl and NaOH? Also write chemical equation.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>With dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>:</b> H<sub>2</sub> gas is evolved. <br/>Zn + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>↑ <br/>(ii) <b>With dilute HCl:</b> H<sub>2</sub> gas is evolved. <br/>Zn + 2HCl &#x27F6; ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>↑ <br/>(iii) <b>With dilute HNO<sub>3</sub>:</b> Zinc nitrate, nitrous oxide and water are formed. <br/>4Zn + 10HNO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; 4Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 5H<sub>2</sub>O + N<sub>2</sub>O↑ <br/>(iv) <b>With dilute NaCl:</b> No chemical reaction takes place. <br/>(v) <b>With dilute NaOH:</b> Sodium Zincate is formed and H<sub>2</sub> gas is evolved. <br/>Zn + 2NaOH &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>ZnO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>↑",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide is added to the solution of lead nitrate taken in a test tube? <br/>What type of reaction is this? <br/>Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction?",
          "ans": "When potassium iodide solution is added to the lead nitrate solution yellow precipitate of lead iodide is produced along with potassium nitrate solution. <br/>This is a double displacement reaction as ions are exchanged between the reactants. <br/>It is also a precipitation reaction. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2KI &#x27F6; PbI<sub>2</sub> + 2KNO<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "2 gram of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated on a hard glass tube and observations are recorded. <br/>• What was the successive colour change? <br/>• Identify the liquid droplets collected on the parts of the test tube. <br/>• What odour is observed on heating ferrous sulphate crystals? <br/>• Name the products formed on heating ferrous sulphate crystals. <br/>• What type of reaction is taking place here?",
          "ans": "• The colour changes from green to white and then to brown. <br/>• The liquid droplets of water get collected on the test tube. <br/>• The odour observed on heating ferrous sulphate crystal is that of burning sulphur. <br/>• Products formed on heating ferrous sulphate crystals are ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. <br/>• It is a decomposition reaction.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Solid calcium oxide was taken in a container and water was added slowly to it. <br/>Write the observation and the formula for the product formed. <br/>(ii) Why do you apply paint on iron articles? <br/>(iii) What happens when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through lime water in a small amount and in excess?",
          "ans": "(i) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water and a large amount of heat is produced. Calcium hydroxide or slaked lime is formed. <br/>(ii) Paint forms a protective coating on the surface of iron. Due to this coating oxygen and moisture present in the air do not come in contact with the iron surface and rusting is prevented. <br/>(iii) In small amount, solution becomes milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate. <br/>CaOH<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CaCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>In excess, milkiness disappears because insoluble calcium carbonate changes to soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate which is colourless. <br/>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Define corrosion. (ii) How will you recognise the corrosion of silver? (iii) Why is corrosion of iron a serious problem? (iv) What is corrosion of iron called? (v) How can we prevent corrosion of iron?",
          "ans": "(i) When metals are attacked by moisture in air or by acids, they get damaged. This is called corrosion. <br/>(ii) Silver develops a black layer of silver sulphide due to cor rosion.  <br/>(iii) Corrosion of iron leads to spoilage and wastage of iron. A lot of money is spent every year to replace the damaged iron parts. <br/>(iv) Corrosion of iron is called rusting. <br/> (v) Corrosion of iron articles can be prevented by painting or oiling them, which would prevent their oxidation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Complete and balance the following chemical equations:<br/>(i) CaCO<sub>3</sub> + HCl <br/>(ii) Al + HCl <br/>(iii) MnO<sub>3</sub> + HCl",
          "ans": "(i) CaCO<sub>3</sub> + 2HCl &#x27F6; CaCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) 2Al + 6HCl &#x27F6; 2AlCl<sub>3</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) MnO<sub>2</sub> + 4HCl &#x27F6; MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions: <br/>(i) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder. <br/>(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate. <br/>(iii) Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.",
          "ans": "(i) 2Al + 3H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; Al<sub>2</sub> (SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 2HCl &#x27F6; 2NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CaCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Balance the following chemical equations and state whether they are exothermic or endothermic: <br/>(i) Na + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; NaOH + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) FeSO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>3</sub>",
          "ans": "(i) 2Na + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + Heat &#x27F6; 2NaOH + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) 2FeSO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>3</sub><br/>It is an exothermic reaction. It is an endothermic reaction",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write necessary conditions of temperature, pressure or catalyst at or above the arrow: <br/>(i) CO(g) + 2H2(g) &#x27F6; CH3OH(l) <br/>(ii) 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) &#x27F6; C6H12O6(aq)+ 6O2(g)",
          "ans": "(i) The pressure should be 340 atm. <br/>(ii) Reaction can take place only in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a neat and labelled diagram to show the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc granules. Name the gas evolved. How will you test this gas?",
          "ans": "When dilute sulphuric acid is added to zinc granules, hydrogen gas is evolved and the solution becomes hot. <br/>When a burning splinter is brought near the gas, it burns with a popping sound. <br/>This proves that the gas is hydrogen.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch1srt1.jpg",
            "width": "204",
            "height": "212"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is a chemical reaction? List the observations that would help us decide if the chemical reaction has taken place.",
          "ans": "A chemical reaction is a process in which the bonds in the reactants break to form products having different chemical properties. During a chemical reaction, any of the following things can be observed: <br/>• Change in temperature <br/>• Change in colour <br/>• Evolution of a gas <br/>• Formation of a precipitate",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define: <br/>Oxidation: <br/>Reduction: <br/>Reactant: <br/>Product: <br/>Endothermic reaction: <br/>Exothermic reaction:",
          "ans": "<b>Oxidation:</b> A reaction in which an element gains oxygen or loses hydrogen is called oxidation reaction. <br/><b>Reduction: </b> A reaction in which an element loses oxygen or gains hydrogen is called reduction reaction. <br/><b>Reactant: </b> Reactants are substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during the reaction to make products. <br/><b>Product:</b> A product is a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction. <br/><b>Endothermic reaction:</b> A reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic reaction. The temperature of the solution decreases and it becomes cool. <br/><b>Exothermic reaction:</b> A reaction in which heat is evolved is called exothermic reaction. The temperature of the solution increases and it becomes hot.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for breaking down the reactants. <br/>Write one equation each from decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and electricity.",
          "ans": "CaCO<sub>3</sub> Heat&#x27F6; CaO + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>2AgCl Sunlight&#x27F6; 2Ag + Cl<sub>2</sub> <br/>2H<sub>2</sub>O Electricity&#x27F6; 2H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In the reaction: MnO<sub>2</sub> + 4HCl &#x27F6; MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub> <br/>(i) Name the compound (a) oxidised (b) reduced. <br/>(ii) Define oxidation and reduction on its basis.",
          "ans": "(i) (a) HCl is oxidised to form H<sub>2</sub>O. <br>(b) MnO<sub>2</sub> is reduced to form MnCl<sub>2</sub>. <br/>(ii) (a) <b>Oxidation:</b> Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. <br/>(b) <b>Reduction:</b> Gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is hydrogen peroxide kept in a coloured bottle?",
          "ans": "In the presence of sunlight, hydrogen peroxide undergoes decomposition reaction to form H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub>. To prevent this from happening, it is kept in a coloured bottle. <br/>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Sunlight&#x27F6; 2H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is meant by precipitation reaction? Explain by giving example. Also give a balanced chemical equation for the reaction stating the state of the reactants and the products formed.",
          "ans": "When two solutions are mixed, an insoluble substance called a precipitate is formed. Such a reaction is called precipitation reaction, for example, when sodium sulphate solution is mixed with barium chloride solution, a white precipitate of a substance (BaSO<sub>4</sub>) is formed. <br/>Na2SO<sub>4</sub> + BaCl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 BaSO<sub>4</sub>(↓) + 2NaCl",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When is a chemical reaction considered a double displacement reaction? Explain giving example. State a difference between displacement and double displacement reaction.",
          "ans": "In a double displacement reaction, an exchange of ions takes place between the reactants. <br/>Eg. BaCl<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6 BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2NaCl <br/>In a displacement reaction, the less reactive element is displaced from its solution by the more reactive element. Eg. Fe + CuSO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6 FeSO<sub>4</sub> + Cu",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In electrolysis of water, (i) name the gas collected at the cathode and anode, respectively. (ii) Why is the volume of one gas, collected at one electrode is double than that at the other? Name this gas. (iii) How will you test the evolved gases?",
          "ans": "(i) Hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode and oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. <br/>(ii) 2H2O Electric current&#x27F6 2H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> <br/>One molecule of H<sub>2</sub>O contains two atoms of H and one atom of O, hence the volume of H is double the volume of O evolved. <br/>(iii) If a bur ning splinter is brought near the jar containing hydrogen, it extinguishes. When it is brought near the jar containing oxygen, it burns more.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "2g of lead nitrate powder is taken in a boiling tube. The boiling tube is heated over a flame. <br/>Now, answer the following: <br/>(i) state the colour of the fumes evolved and the residue left <br/>(ii) name the type of chemical reaction that has taken place and state its balanced equation.",
          "ans": "(i) Brown fumes of NO2 evolve and white residue of PbO is left behind. <br/>(ii) Decomposition reaction <br/>2Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 2PbO + 4NO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "“Combination reaction is the reverse of decomposition reaction.” Justify this sentence with the help of appropriate chemical reaction of each.",
          "ans": "<b>Combination reaction:</b> Two or more reactants combine to form a single product. <br/>CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6 Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> <br/><b>Decomposition reaction:</b> A single reactant decomposes to form one or more products. <br/>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + Heat &#x27F6 CaO + CO<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Give an example of a combination reaction which is exothermic. <br/>(ii) Identify the oxidising agent and reducing agent in the following reaction. <br/>H<sub>2</sub>S + Cl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 2HCl + S <br/>(iii) Name the phenomenon due to which the test and smell of oily food changes when kept for a long time in the open. Suggest one method to prevent it.",
          "ans": "(i) When water is added to quick lime, it forms slaked lime and a large amount of heat is released. <br/>CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6 Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + heat <br/>(ii) <b>Oxidising agent:</b> Cl<sub>2</sub> <br/><b>Reducing agent:</b> H<sub>2</sub>S <br/>(iii) The change in the taste and smell of oily food is called rancidity. It can be prevented by storing the food in air tight containers.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the balance chemical equation for the reactions that take place during respiration. Identify the type of combination reaction that takes place during this process and justify the name. Give one more example of this type of reaction.",
          "ans": "C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O + Energy <br/>Respiration is an exothermic reaction as it releases a large amount of heat needed for our cellular activities. Another example of a similar reaction is formation of compost by the decomposition of vegetable matter.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Zinc plate was kept on a glass container having CuSO<sub>4</sub> solution. On examining it was found that the blue colour of the solution is getting lighter and lighter. After a few days, when the zinc plate was taken out of the solution a number of small holes were noticed on it. State the reason and write the chemical equation of the reaction.</sup>",
          "ans": "Since, zinc is more reactive than copper, it displaces copper from the copper sulphate solution and the colour of the solution slowly fades. <br/>Also, zinc metal is being used up in this reaction to form zinc sulphate, and small holes are formed in the zinc plate.<br/>&nbsp;CuSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; + &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zn(s) &#x27F6 ZnSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + Cu(s) <br/><sup>copper sulphate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; zinc &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; zinc sulphate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; copper",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A metal X acquires a green colour coating on its surface on exposure to air. <br/>(i) Identify the metal X and name the process responsible for this change. <br/>(ii) Name and write chemical formula of the green coating formed on the metal. <br/>(iii) List two important methods to prevent the process.",
          "ans": "(i) The metal X is copper, which becomes green due to exposure to air. This happens due to corrosion of copper. <br/>(ii) The green coating is of copper hydroxide Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>. <br/>(iii) Corrosion can be prevented by greasing or painting the surface of the metal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give reasons for the following. <br/>(i) All decomposition reactions are endothermic reactions. <br/>(ii) Colour of copper sulphate solution changes when an iron nail is dipped in it. <br/>(iii) Respiration is an exothermic reaction.",
          "ans": "(i) In a decomposition reaction, energy is required in the form of heat or electricity or sunlight to break down a compound into simpler products. Thus, it is an endothermic reaction. <br/>(ii) Iron is more reactive than copper. So, it displaces copper from its solution and the blue colour of the copper sulphate solution fades. <br/>(iii) Respiration involves the combination of carbohydrates in our food with oxygen. During this process a large amount of energy is given out to maintain our cellular processes. Thus, it is an exothermic reaction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What happens when aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride are mixed? Give a balanced equation for the reaction with state symbols. Name and define the type of chemical reaction involved in the above change.",
          "ans": "Mixing of sodium sulphate with barium chloride gives white precipitate of barium sulphate. <br/>Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + BaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) &#x27F6 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO<sub>4</sub> <br/>This is a double displacement reaction as ions are exchanged between the reactants.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Can rancidity be retarded when food is kept in darkness?",
          "ans": "Rancidity of food takes place due to the oxidation of fat and oil containing food. If the food is kept in darkness, oxidation is slowed down and rancidity can be retarded.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why do chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen?",
          "ans": "The bags of chips are flushed with nitrogen to avoid their oxidation, and hence stop them from becoming rancid.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can be prevented.",
          "ans": "The oxidation of oils or fats in a food resulting into bad smell and bad taste is called rancidity. <br/><b>It can be prevented by </b><br/>(i) adding antioxidants. <br/>(ii) by storing the food in air-tight containers. <br/>(iii) by storing the food in a refrigerator.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in each case.* <br/>(i) Nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst at 773K to form ammonia gas. <br/>(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate and water. <br/>(iii) Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. <br/>(iv) Ethene is burnt in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat and light.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch1srt2.jpg",
            "width": "390",
            "height": "150"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in each case.* <br/>(i) Thermit reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron and aluminium oxide. <br/>(ii) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas to form solid magnesium nitride. <br/>(iii) Chlorine gas is passed in an aqueous potassium iodide solution to form potassium chloride solution and solid iodine. <br/>(iv) Ethanol is burnt in air to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat.",
          "ans": "(i) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2Al(s) &#x27F6 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2Fe(l) + Heat <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup>Displacement reaction/Redox reaction</sup> <br/>(ii) 3Mg(s) + N<sub>2</sub>(g) &#x27F6 Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>(s) <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup>Combination reaction</sup> <br/>(iii) 2KI(aq) +Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) &#x27F6 2KCl(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(s) <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup>Displacement reaction</sup> <br/>(iv) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH(l) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) &#x27F6 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + Heat <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup>Redox reaction/Combustion reaction</sup>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the following reactions.* <br/>(i) Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 8HCl &#x27F6 3PbCl<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub> + 4H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>(ii) 2Mg + O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 2MgO <br/>(iii) CuSO<sub>4</sub> + Zn &#x27F6 Cu + ZnSO<sub>4</sub> (iv) V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 5Ca &#x27F6 2V + 5CaO <br/>(v) 3Fe + 4H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6 Fe3O<sub>4</sub> + 4H<sub>2</sub> (vi) CuO + H<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 Cu + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "ans": "(i) Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) O<sub>2</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) CuSO<sub>4</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (v) H<sub>2</sub>O &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (vi) CuO",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:* <br/>(i) Sodium carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid in equal molar concentrations gives sodium chloride and sodium hydrogencarbonate. <br/>(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives sodium chloride, water and liberates carbon dioxide. <br/>(iii) Copper sulphate on treatment with potassium iodide precipitates cuprous iodide (Cu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>), liberates iodine gas and also forms potassium sulphate.",
          "ans": "(i) Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + HCl &#x27F6 NaCl + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> <br/>(ii) NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + HCl &#x27F6 NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) 2CuSO<sub>4</sub> + 4KI &#x27F6 Cu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub> + 2K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + I<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution forms an insoluble white substance. Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction?*",
          "ans": "KCl (aq) + AgNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) &#x27F6 AgCl (s) + KNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) <br/>It is a double displacement and precipitation reaction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the evolution of a gas having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical reaction involved and identify the type of reaction.*",
          "ans": "2FeSO<sub>4</sub>(s) &#x27F6 Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + SO<sub>2</sub>(g) + SO<sub>3</sub>(g) <br/>It is a thermal decomposition reaction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions and also classify them.* <br/>(i) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to form lead chloride and acetic acid solution.  <br/>(ii) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.  <br/>(iii) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.  <br/>(iv) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur and liquid water.",
          "ans": "(i) Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> + 2HCl &#x27F6 PbCl<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>3</sub>COOH; Double displacement reaction <br/>(ii) 2Na + 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH &#x27F6 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa + H<sub>2</sub>; Displacement reaction <br/>(iii) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3CO &#x27F6 2Fe + 3CO<sub>2</sub>; Redox reaction <br/>(iv) 2H<sub>2</sub>S + O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 2S + 2H<sub>2</sub>O; Redox reaction",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 31,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Balance the following chemical equations and identify the type of chemical reaction.*",
          "ans": "(i) Balanced; Combination reaction",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 32,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch1srt3.jpg",
            "width": "526",
            "height": "75"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch1srt3a.jpg",
            "width": "409",
            "height": "100"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen to give a white compound X accompanied by emission of light. If the burning ribbon is now placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, it continues to burn and forms a compound Y.* <br/>(i) Write the chemical formulae of X and Y. <br/>(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation, when X is dissolved in water.",
          "ans": "2Mg + O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 2MgO <br/>3Mg + N<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6 Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> <br/>(i) X is MgO; Y is Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) MgO + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6 Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 33,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A silver article generally turns black when kept in the open for a few days. The article when rubbed with toothpaste again starts shining.* <br/>(i) Why do silver articles turn black when kept in the open for a few days? Name the phenomenon involved. <br/>(ii) Name the black substance formed and give its chemical formula.",
          "ans": "(i) Metals such as silver when attacked by substances such as moisture, acids, gases, etc. are said to corrode; this phenomenon is called corrosion. <br/>(ii) The black substance is for med because silver (Ag) reacts with H<sub>2</sub>S present in air. <br/>It forms a thin black coating of silver sulphide (Ag2S).",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 34,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name and state the law which is kept in mind while we balance a chemical equation.",
          "ans": "Law of conservation of mass. <br/>According to this law, mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen why?",
          "ans": "Food items containing oil and fat get oxidised and become rancid. To prevent this they are flushed with nitrogen.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is respiration considered as an exothermic process?",
          "ans": "This is because it involves combustion of glucose producing CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O and a large amount of energy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is burning of candle wax considered as chemical change?",
          "ans": "This is because when a candle burns new substance i.e. CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O are produced.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the essential difference between physical and chemical change?",
          "ans": "In a physical change no new substance is formed, while during a chemical change a new substance is formed.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens when quick lime is added to water?",
          "ans": "Quick lime reacts with water vigorously to produce slaked lime and a large amount of heat.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch1vsrt1.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "35"
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens when ZnCO<sub>3</sub> is heated in the absence of air? Give a relevant equation.",
          "ans": "In the absence of air, ZnO and CO2 are formed. <br/><b>Chemical Equation:</b>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch1vsrt2.jpg",
            "width": "220",
            "height": "35"
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do we add dil. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> during electrolysis of water?",
          "ans": "Since pure water is a bad conductor of electricity, dil. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is added to make it a good conductor for electrolysis to occur.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "On heating copper powder, the surface of copper powder becomes coated with black CuO. <br/>How can this black coating be converted into brown copper? <br/>Write chemical equation for the reaction that occurs during the colour change.",
          "ans": "When hydrogen gas is passed over black copper oxide, it gets reduced to copper which is brown in colour. <br/>CuO + H<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; Cu + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What can be seen when a strip of copper is placed on a solution of silver nitrate?",
          "ans": "Silver nitrate reduces to metallic silver, and the colour of the solution becomes blue due to the formation of copper nitrate. <br/>Cu(s) + AgNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) &#x27F6; Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2Ag",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write an equation for decomposition of ferrous sulphate. identify the type of reaction.",
          "ans": "2FeSO<sub>4</sub> heat&#x27F6; Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub>↑+ SO<sub>3</sub>↑ <br/>This is an example of decomposition reaction that uses heat (thermal decomposition).",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the reaction involved in the refining of silver nitrate solution to give silver.",
          "ans": "Cu(s) + 2AgNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) &#x27F6; Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(aq) +2Ag(s)↓",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        }
      ],
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    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch1_co",
    "fib": "ch1_fib",
    "mcq": "ch1_mcq",
    "nf": "ch1_nf",
    "yn": "ch1_yn",
    "un": "ch1_un",
    "dtf": "ch1_dtf",
    "afq": "ch1_afq",
    "jtf": "ch1_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch1_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch1_ctco",
    "laq": "ch1_laq",
    "afow": "ch1_afow",
    "snc": "ch1_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch1_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch1_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch1_mtf",
    "saq": "ch1_saq",
    "cs": "ch1_cs",
    "map": "ch1_map",
    "gowf": "ch1_gowf",
    "tf": "ch1_tf",
    "grf": "ch1_grf",
    "arbq": "ch1_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch1_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch2",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases and Salts",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following can be used as an acid-base indicator by a visually impaired student?",
          "ans": "(c) Vanilla essence",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Litmus",
            "(b) Turmeric",
            "(c) Vanilla essence",
            "(d) Petunia leaves"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a mineral acid?",
          "ans": "(b) Citric acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) HCl",
            "(b) Citric acid",
            "(c) Nitric acid",
            "(d) Sulphuric acid"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are present in dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid?",
          "ans": "(a) H3O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–</sup>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) H3O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–</sup>",
            "(b) Unionised HCl",
            "(c) None",
            "(d) Both"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on a humid day, the gas is usually passed through the guard tube containing calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride taken in the guard tube is to",
          "ans": "(c) absorb moisture from the gas.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) absorb the evolved gas.",
            "(b) moisten the gas.",
            "(c) absorb moisture from the gas.",
            "(d) absorb Cl– ions from the evolved gas."
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following solution will conduct electricity?",
          "ans": "(d) Hydrochloric acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ethanol",
            "(b) Glucose",
            "(c) Carbon tetrachloride",
            "(d) Hydrochloric acid"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The ionisation of an acid can be checked with the help of",
          "ans": "(b) moist litmus paper",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) dry litmus paper",
            "(b) moist litmus paper",
            "(c) cannot be checked with litmus",
            "(d) guard tube"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Bases that are soluble in water are called",
          "ans": "(d) alkalis",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) aqueous",
            "(b) acidic",
            "(c) amphoteric",
            "(d) alkalis"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Calcium phosphate is present in tooth enamel. Its nature is",
          "ans": "(a) basic",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) basic",
            "(b) acidic",
            "(c) neutral",
            "(d) amphoteric"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pH of gastric juice released during digestion is",
          "ans": "(a) less than 7",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) less than 7",
            "(b) more than 7",
            "(c) equal to 7",
            "(d) equal to 0"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If a solution turns red litmus paper blue, its pH is likely to be",
          "ans": "(d) 10",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1",
            "(b) 4",
            "(c) 5",
            "(d) 10"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Common salt besides being used in kitchen can also be used as the raw material for making",
          "ans": "(d) all of above",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) washing soda",
            "(b) baking soda",
            "(c) bleaching powder",
            "(d) all of above"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "One of the constituents of baking powder is sodium hydrogen carbonate; the other constituent is",
          "ans": "(b) tartaric acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) HCl",
            "(b) tartaric acid",
            "(c) acetic acid",
            "(d) sulphuric acid"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following salts doesn’t contain water of crystallisation?",
          "ans": "(b) Baking soda",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Blue vitriol",
            "(b) Baking soda",
            "(c) Washing soda",
            "(d) Gypsum"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a base in a test tube?* <br/>(i) The temperature of the solution increases. <br/>(ii) The temperature of the solution decreases. <br/>(iii) The temperature of the solution remains the same. <br/>(iv) Salt formation takes place.",
          "ans": "(d) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) only",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt of*",
          "ans": "(d) weak acid and strong base.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) strong acid and strong base.",
            "(b) weak acid and weak base.",
            "(c) strong acid and weak base.",
            "(d) weak acid and strong base."
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear supernatant solution turns the pH paper yellowishorange. <br/>Which of the following would change the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?*",
          "ans": "(d) Antacid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Lemon juice",
            "(b) Vinegar",
            "(c) Common salt",
            "(d) Antacid"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength?*",
          "ans": "(a) Water <Acetic acid <Hydrochloric acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Water <Acetic acid <Hydrochloric acid",
            "(b) Water <Hydrochloric acid <Acetic acid",
            "(c) Acetic acid <Water <Hydrochloric acid",
            "(d) Hydrochloric acid <Water <Acetic acid"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If a few drops of a concentrated acid accidentally spill over the hand of a student, what should be done?*",
          "ans": "(b) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of water and apply a paste of sodium hydrogencarbonate",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Wash the hand with saline solution",
            "(b) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of water and apply a paste of sodium hydrogencarbonate",
            "(c) After washing with plenty of water, apply solution of sodium hydroxide on the hand",
            "(d) Neutralise the acid with a strong alkali"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Sodium hydrogencarbonate when added to acetic acid evolves a gas. <br/>Which of the following statements are true about the gas evolved?* <br/>(i) It turns lime water milky. <br/>(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter. <br/>(iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide. <br/>(iv) It has a pungent odour.",
          "ans": "(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Common salt besides being used in kitchen can also be used as the raw material for making* <br/>(i) washing soda <br/>(ii) bleaching powder <br/>(iii) baking soda <br/>(iv) slaked lime",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pH of the gastric juices released during digestion is*",
          "ans": "(a) less than 7",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) less than 7",
            "(b) more than 7",
            "(c) equal to 7",
            "(d) equal to 0"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following phenomena occur when a small amount of acid is added to water?* <br/>(i) Ionisation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Neutralisation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Dilution (iv) Salt formation",
          "ans": "(b) (i) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is acidic in nature?*",
          "ans": "(a) Lime juice",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Lime juice",
            "(b) Human blood",
            "(c) Lime water",
            "(d) Antacid"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In an attempt to demonstrate electrical conductivity through an electrolyte, the following apparatus was set up.* <br/>Which among the following statement(s) is(are) correct? <br/>(i) Bulb will not glow because electrolyte is not acidic. <br/>(ii) Bulb will glow because NaOH is a strong base and furnishes ions for conduction. <br/>(iii) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete. <br/>(iv) Bulb will not glow because it depends upon the type of electrolytic solution.",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) only",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch2mc1.jpg",
            "width": "275",
            "height": "275"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (ii) only",
            "(d) (iv) only"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following is not a base?*",
          "ans": "(d) C2H<sub>5</sub>OH",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) NaOH",
            "(b) KOH",
            "(c) NH<sub>4</sub>OH",
            "(d) C2H<sub>5</sub>OH"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is not correct?*",
          "ans": "(b) All metal oxides react with water to give salt and acid.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) All metal carbonates react with acid to give salt, water and carbon dioxide.",
            "(b) All metal oxides react with water to give salt and acid.",
            "(c) Some metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen.",
            "(d) Some non-metal oxides react with water to form an acid."
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Match the chemical substances given in Column (A) with their appropriate application given in Column (B).* <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Column (A) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Column (B)</b> <br/>(A) Bleaching powder &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i) Preparation of glass <br/>(B) Baking soda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Production of H2 and Cl2 <br/>(C) Washing soda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Decolourisation <br/>(D) Sodium chloride &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Antacid",
          "ans": "(c) A–(iii), B–(iv), C–(i), D–(ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A–(ii), B–(i), C–(iv), D–(iii)",
            "(b) A–(iii), B–(ii), C–(iv), D–(i)",
            "(c) A–(iii), B–(iv), C–(i), D–(ii)",
            "(d) A–(ii), B–(iv), C–(i), D–(iii)"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are present in a dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid?*",
          "ans": "(a) H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–</sup>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–</sup>",
            "(b) H3O<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup> ",
            "(c) Cl<sup>–</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup> ",
            "(d) unionised HCl"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Identify the correct representation of reaction occurring during chloralkali process.*",
          "ans": "(d) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 2NaCl(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH(l) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)",
            "(b) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(aq) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)",
            "(c) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(aq)",
            "(d) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)"
          ],
          "val": 29
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write balanced chemical equations only for the following chemical property of acids: <br/>(i) when an acid reacts with a metal, <br/>(ii) when an acid reacts with a metal bicarbonate and  <br/>(iii) when an acid reacts with a base.",
          "ans": "(i) Zn + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &#x27F6; ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) HCl + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) HCl + NaOH &#x27F6; NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Illustrate any three chemical properties of acids with examples.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la1a.jpg",
            "width": "449",
            "height": "156"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a neat and labelled diagram to show the following activity: action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc granules. <br/>(i) Name the gas evolved. <br/>(ii) How will you test for the gas? <br/>(iii) Write the chemical equation.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la3a.jpg",
            "width": "510",
            "height": "230"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain with an experiment how an acid solution in water conducts electricity.",
          "ans": "Take dilute HCl solution in a beaker. Fix two nails on a cork and place them in the solution. Connect the nails to an external circuit consisting of a 6 V battery and a bulb as shown. When the switch is closed the bulb starts glowing, which indicates that the solution conducts electricity. The solution contains H<sup>+</sup> ions which is responsible for the flow of electric current.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la4a.jpg",
            "width": "255",
            "height": "260"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain with equations how acids and bases conduct electricity in their solutions.",
          "ans": "When an acid is mixed with water, H<sup>+</sup> ions are produced in the presence of water. <br/>HCl + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; H<sub>3</sub>O+ + Cl<sup>–</sup> <br/>Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone, but they exist after combining with water molecules. <br/>When a base is dissolved in water , it produces OH– ions in the presence of water. <br/>NaOH &#x27F6; Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup> <br/>The H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ions in an acidic solution and OH<sup>–</sup> ions in a basic solution are responsible for the conduction of electric current.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Define pH scale. Draw a figure showing variation of pH with the change in concentration of H<sup>+</sup> (aq) and OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) ions. <br/>Mention the range of pH of acidic solution, basic solution and neutral solution respectively.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la6a.jpg",
            "width": "460",
            "height": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Define universal indicator. For what purpose is it used? <br/>(i) Two solutions A and B have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of them will turn litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink. <br/>(ii) Water is a neutral substance. What colour will you get when you add a few drops of universal indicator to a test tube containing distilled water?",
          "ans": "Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators which gives different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale. The colour produced by universal indicator is used to find the pH value of acid or base. <br/>(i) Solution A is acidic and will turn litmus solution from blue to red. <br/>Solution B is basic and will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink. <br/>(ii) Green colour will be obtained.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "You have four solutions A, B, C and D. The pH of the solution A is 6, B is 9, C is 12 and D is 7. <br/>(i) Identify the most acidic and the most basic solution. <br/>(ii) Arrange the above four solution in the increasing order of H<sup>+</sup> ion concentration. <br/>(iii) State the change in colour of pH paper on dipping in solutions C and B.",
          "ans": "(i) Most acid: A; Most basic: C <br/>(ii) C < B < D < A <br/>(iii) Blue in solution C as it is basic and green in solution D as it is neutral.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substances in our body. How does it undergo damage due to eating chocolates and sweets? What should we do to prevent it?",
          "ans": "When the pH of the mouth is below 5.5, bacteria present in the mouth produces acids by degradation of sugar and corrode the tooth enamel. It can be prevented by using toothpastes which are generally basic. The basic nature of toothpaste neutralises the excess acid and prevents tooth decay.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Bee stings leave a chemical substance which causes pain and irritation. <br/>(i) Name the chemical substance. <br/>(ii) Identify the substance which may give relief on the sting area when applied on it. <br/>(iii) Write the pH value below which tooth decay begins. How this pH value is reached? Explain the ill effect of the acidic medium in the mouth. How can this be prevented? <br/>(iv) What are strong acids and weak acids? Give an example of each.",
          "ans": "(i) Bee stings have methanoic acid (HCOOH) in it. <br/>(ii) Baking soda can give relief when applied on sting area because it will neutralise the acid. <br/>(iii) Tooth decay begins when pH is below 5.5 (acidic). <br/>Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth. It can be prevented by using toothpaste which is generally basic to neutralise excess acid. <br/>(iv) <b>Strong acid:</b> Acid that gives rise to more H<sup>+</sup> ion concentration, eg. HCl, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, etc. All mineral acids are strong acids.<br/><b>Weak acid:</b> Acid that gives rise to less H<sup>+</sup> ion concentration, eg. acetic acid and lactic acid. All organic acids are weak acids.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Mention the pH range within which your body works. Explain how antacids give relief from acidity. Write the name of one such antacid. <br/>(ii) How will the pH of fresh milk change as it turns to curd? Explain your answer. <br/>(iii) A milk man adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. Why does this milk take longer time to set as curd? <br/>(iv) What is the nature of toothpastes? How do they prevent tooth decay?",
          "ans": "(i) Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. <br/>During indigestion stomach produces too much acid which causes irritation and pain. Antacids are alkaline. They neutralise the excess acid. Milk of Magnesia is an antacid. <br/>(ii) When fresh milk changes into curd, its pH value decreases due to the presence of lactic acid. <br/>(iii) By adding baking soda, the pH value of milk increases so it does not spoil. This milk is alkaline and takes a longer time to change into curd and become more acidic. <br/>(iv) Toothpastes are basic in nature. They neutralise the excess acid produced by bacteria in mouth.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Name one antacid. How does it help to relieve indigestion in stomach? <br/>(ii) A farmer treats the soil with quick lime or calcium carbonate. What is the nature of soil? <br/>Why does the farmer treat the soil with quick lime?",
          "ans": "(i) Milk of magnesia is an antacid, which is basic in nature. During indigestion, our stomach produces more HCl and we suffer from acidity. Antacid neutralises the acid and gives us relief. <br/>(ii) The nature of soil is acidic. Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth. Hence a farmer treats the soil with calcium carbonate to neutralise the acid in the soil.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Identify the acid and base for ammonium chloride salt. What would be the nature of this salt? Mention the pH range of this salt.",
          "ans": "<b>Base:</b> NH<sub>4</sub>OH, <b>Acid:</b> HCl <br/><b>Equation:</b> NH<sub>4</sub>OH + HCl &#x27F6; NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/><b>Nature of salt:</b> Its nature is acidic since it is formed by the neutralisation of a weak base and a strong acid. Its pH value will be less than 7.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Give suitable reasons for the following statements: <br/>(i) Rainwater conducts electricity but distilled water doesn’t. <br/>(ii) We feel burning sensation in stomach when we overeat. <br/>(iii) A tarnished copper vessel regains its shine when rubbed with lemon. <br/>(iv) The crystals of washing soda change to white powder on exposure to air. <br/>(v) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is neutral but an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is basic.",
          "ans": "(i) Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it does not contain any ionic compound like acids, bases or salts dissolved in it. <br/>(ii) When we overeat, excess of acid is produced in the stomach this causes burning sensation. <br/>(iii) Copper vessels tarnish due to formation of basic copper carbonate. When this vessel is rubbed with lemon (citric acid), it neutralises the basicity of copper carbonate and the vessel regains its shine. <br/>(iv) Washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate; when it is exposed to air, it loses 10 molecules of water and changes into a white powder. <br/>(v) Sodium chloride is a salt of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH). So, it is neutral. <br/>Sodium carbonate is a salt of weak acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) and strong base (NaOH). So, it is basic.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Identify the acid and the base whose combination forms the common salt that you use in your food. Write its formula and chemical name. Name the source from where it is obtained. <br/>(ii) What is rock salt? Mention its colour and the reason due to which it has this colour. <br/>(iii) What happens when electricity is passed through brine? Write the chemical equation for it.",
          "ans": "(i) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. <br/>NaOH + HCl &#x27F6; NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/><b>Formula:</b> NaCl; <b>Chemical name:</b> sodium chloride. It is obtained from ocean water. <br/>(ii) Deposits of solid salt are found in several parts of the world. These large crystals are called rock salt. Colour of rock salt is brown and it is due to impurities. <br/>(iii) When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of brine, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la15a.jpg",
            "width": "300",
            "height": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the common name of CaOCl<sub>2</sub>. How is it prepared? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in the process. Give any two uses of it. <br/>(ii) Write the chemical name of washing soda. How it is prepared? Give the relevant chemical equation.",
          "ans": "(i) The common name of CaOCl<sub>2</sub> is bleaching powder. It is prepared by passing chlorine through dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>). <br/>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CaOCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/><b>Two uses: </b> <br/>• Used for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry and wood pulp in paper industry, etc. <br/>• It is used to make drinking water free from germs. <br/>(ii) Washing soda: Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.10H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>It can be prepared by heating baking soda. In this reaction, sodium carbonate is obtained. Its recrystallisation gives washing soda. <br/>2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + Heat &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 10H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> . 10H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the chemical name of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> • 10H<sub>2</sub>O and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. (ii) Write the significance of 10H<sub>2</sub>O. <br/>(iii) Mention the term used for water molecules attached with a salt. (iv) With the help of the chemical equation, explain the method of preparation of both Na2CO3. 10H<sub>2</sub>O and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. (v) Also list two use of both.",
          "ans": "(i) Chemical name for Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> • 10H<sub>2</sub>O is washing soda (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and for Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> is sodium carbonate. <br/>(ii) 10H<sub>2</sub>O is the water of crystallisation which is attached with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. This makes the salt look dry, but it actually contains fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt. <br/>(iii) The term used is “Water of Crystallisation”. <br/>(iv) Formation of washing soda: <br>Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 10H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> · 10H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>Formation of sodium carbonate <br/>2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(v) Uses of sodium carbonate: <br/>• It is used in glass, soap and paper industries. <br/>• It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes. <br/>Uses of washing soda: <br/>• This compound is used in the laundries. <br/>• This compound is used for the softening of water.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "The pH of a salt used to make tasty and crispy pakoras is 14. Identify the salt and write a chemical equation for its formation. List its two uses.",
          "ans": "The salt (soda) which is commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakora is baking soda. Its chemical formula is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>). <br/><b>Production of baking soda:</b> <br/>NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> <br/><b>Two uses:</b><br/>(i) It is used in fire extinguisher. <br/>(ii) It is also an ingredient of antacid.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write balanced chemical equation for the following statements: <br/>(i) Bleaching powder is kept open in air. <br/>(ii) Blue crystals of copper sulphate are heated. <br/>(iii) Chlorine gas is passed to dry slaked lime. <br/>(iv) CO2 gas is passed through lime water. <br/>(v) NaOH solution is heated with zinc granules.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2la19a.jpg",
            "width": "515",
            "height": "220"
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Match the Following.",
          "qus": "Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given in Column (B).*",
          "ans": "1. (b)  2. (c) 3. (d)  4. (a)",
          "code": "MTF",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [
            {
              "image": "Column A",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "1. Plaster of Paris",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2. Gypsum",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "3. Bleaching Powder",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "4. Slaked Lime",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "option2": [
            {
              "image": "Column B",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) CaSO<sub>4</sub> . ½ H<sub>2</sub>O",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) CaSO<sub>4</sub> . 2H<sub>2</sub>O",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(d) CaOCl<sub>2</sub>",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the acid present in the following: tomato, vinegar, tamarind.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Tomato:</b> Malic acid and citric acid <br/>(ii) <b>Vinegar:</b> Acetic acid <br/>(iii) <b>Tamarind:</b> Tartaric acid, oxalic acid and citric acid",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A few drops of phenolphthalein and blue litmus were added separately to the three solutions listed below. Specify the colour change in each case if any: <ol><li>Sodium Carbonate</li><li>Hydrochloric acid </li><li>Sodium Chloride</li></ol>",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2srt2a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the observations you would make on adding sodium hydroxide to aqueous solution of (i) ferrous sulphate and (ii) aluminium chloride. Give balanced chemical equation.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2srt3a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is hydrochloric acid a strong acid and acetic acid is a weak acid? How can it be verified?",
          "ans": "HCl gives out more H+ ions and CH<sub>3</sub>COOH gives out less H<sup>+</sup> ions on dissociation. It can be verified using a universal indicator (pH paper). For a strong acid, the colour becomes red.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the gas which is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal. How will you test the presence of this gas?",
          "ans": "The gas liberated is hydrogen. When a burning splinter is brought near the gas, it burns with a pop sound.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What will happen when an acid is diluted with water?",
          "ans": "The concentration of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> will decrease.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When does an acid or a base conduct electricity?",
          "ans": "When they are mixed with water.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the reaction between an acid and a base.",
          "ans": "Neutralisation reaction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the products of neutralisation reaction.",
          "ans": "Salt and water.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When are acids and bases dangerous?",
          "ans": "When they are highly concentrated (not mixed with water).",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain why aqueous solution of acid conducts electricity.",
          "ans": "Aqueous solution of acids has H<sup>+</sup> ions which carry electric current through the solution.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is neutralisation reaction?",
          "ans": "The reaction between an acid and base to give salt and water is called neutralisation reaction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How should we dilute an acid?",
          "ans": "Dilution of an acid is an exothermic reaction and releases large amount of heat. While diluting an acid, the acid must be slowly added to water with constant stirring so that the mixture doesn’t splash out and cause burns.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why can we detect the presence of HCl gas only with a moist litmus paper?",
          "ans": "The separation of H<sup>+</sup> ion from HCl molecules cannot occur in the absence of water. Hence, the gas will turn moist blue litmus paper into red.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is meant by dilution of an acid or a base?",
          "ans": "Mixing of an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of H3O+ or OH<sup>–</sup> ions. This is called dilution.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When is rain said to be acid rain? What harm does it cause?",
          "ans": "If the pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. When this rainwater flows into the rivers, it causes a threat to the aquatic life.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is the sting of a nettle plant treated with the leaf of dock plant?",
          "ans": "The painful sting of nettle hair contains methanoic acid. The leaf of the dock plant is basic in nature which can neutralise the nettle sting.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the name and formula of each of the following: (i) an acidic salt, (ii) a basic salt and (iii) a neutral salt.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Amonium chloride:</b> NH4Cl is an acidic salt because it is formed by a strong acid. <br/>(ii) <b>Sodium carbonate:</b> Na2CO3 is a basic salt because it is formed by a strong base. <br/>(iii) <b>Sodium chloride:</b> NaCl is a neutral salt because it is formed by strong acid and strong base.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name a salt which doesn’t contain water of crystallisation. What would be the colour of litmus in a solution of sodium carbonate?",
          "ans": "Baking soda does not contain water of crystallisation. The colour of litmus in a solution of sodium carbonate is blue.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A white powder is an active ingredient of antacids and is used in preparation of baking powder. <br/>(i) Name the compound. <br/>(ii) Write chemical equation to show and explain how it is manufactured and also the effect of heat on this compound.",
          "ans": "(i) An active ingredient of antacids is baking soda/sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) <br/>(ii) <b>Manufacture:</b> <br/>NH<sub>3</sub> + NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> <br/><b>Effect of Heat:</b> <br/>2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State what happens when (i) gypsum is heated at 373 K, (ii) blue crystals of copper sulphate are heated and <br/>(iii) excess of CO2 gas is passed through lime water.",
          "ans": "(i) It loses water molecules and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO<sub>4</sub> . 1/2 H<sub>2</sub>O) or plaster of Paris. <br/>(ii) Blue copper sulphate crystals on heating lose water of crystallisation and become white. When these crystals are left open, they absorb moisture from air and gain blue colour. <br/>(iii) On passing CO<sub>2</sub> gas through lime water, insoluble calcium carbonate is formed. <br/>On passing excess of CO<sub>2</sub>, soluble calcium biocarbonate is formed. <br/>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <br/>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(aq)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the three products of ‘chlor-alkali’ process. Write one commercially or industrially important material each that can be prepared from each of these products.",
          "ans": "<b>The three products are:</b> <br/>Sodium hydro xide (NaOH), Chlorine (Cl<sub>2</sub>) and Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>). <br/><b>NaOH:</b> Used for making soap, detergents, paper making or artificial fibres. <br/><b>Cl<sub>2</sub>:</b> Used for making PVC, pesticides, CFCs. <br/><b>H<sub>2</sub>:</b> Used for making fules, margarine, NH<sub>3</sub> for fertilisers.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What will be the action of the following substances on litmus paper? <br/>Dry HCl gas, Moistened NH<sub>3</sub> gas, Lemon juice, Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap solution.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Substance ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "paperDry HCl gas ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Moistened NH3 gas ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Lemon juice ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Carbonated soft drink ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Curd ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Soap solution ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Action on Litmus paper ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "No change ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Turns red to blue ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Turns blue to red ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Turns blue to red ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Turns blue to red ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Turns red to blue ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What happens when nitric acid is added to eggshells?*",
          "ans": "Eggshells contain calcium carbonate. When nitric acid is added to it, carbon dioxide gas is evolved. The reaction can be given as <br/>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + 2HNO<sub>3</sub> → Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?*",
          "ans": "The chemical formula of baking powder is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), whereas that of washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> . 10H<sub>2</sub>O). <br/>Sodium hydrogencarbonate on heating gives CO<sub>2</sub> gas which turns lime water milky, whereas no such gas is obtained from sodium carbonate.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch2srt4.jpg",
            "width": "310",
            "height": "60"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is evolved. The gas C when passed through lime water, turns it milky. Identify A, B and C.*",
          "ans": "A — NaHCO<sub>3</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B — Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C — CO<sub>2</sub> gas",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In one of the industrial processes used for manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas X is formed as by-product. The gas X reacts with lime water to give a compound Y which is used as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. Identify X and Y giving the chemical equation of the reactions involved.*",
          "ans": "In the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas (X) are formed as by-products. When chlorine gas (X) reacts with lime water, it forms calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder) (Y). The reactions are <br/>2NaCl (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g) <br/>X → Cl<sub>2</sub> (Chlorine gas) <br/>Ca (OH)<sub>2</sub> (s) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) → CaOCl<sub>2</sub> (s) + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>Y → CaOCl<sub>2</sub> Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of a strong acid, a gas is evolved, which is utilised in the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved. Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved and also write a test to detect the gas formed.*",
          "ans": "When zinc reacts with dilute solution of strong acid, it forms salt and hydrogen gas is evolved. <br/>Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>When a bur ning splinter is brought near the mouth of the test tube, the gas burns with a pop sound.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What will happen when an acid is diluted with water?",
          "ans": "The concentration of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> will decrease.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When does an acid or a base conduct electricity?",
          "ans": "When they are mixed with water.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the reaction between an acid and a base.",
          "ans": "Neutralisation reaction.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the products of neutralisation reaction.",
          "ans": "Salt and water.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When are acids and bases dangerous?",
          "ans": "When they are highly concentrated (not mixed with water).",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is a universal indicator?",
          "ans": "It is a mixture of several indicators.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What does pH stand for?",
          "ans": "pH stands for potential or power of H<sup>+</sup> ions.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How does a pH scale identify acidic or basic solution?",
          "ans": "If the pH is between 0 and 7, the solution is acidic. If it is between 7 and 14, the solution is basic.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What will be the pH range of tomato juice?",
          "ans": "It will be between 0 and 7 due to the presence of oxalic acid.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why does an ant sting burn?",
          "ans": "Because it contains methanoic acid.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How is rock salt obtained in nature?",
          "ans": "It is mined like coal from the dried seabeds of bygone ages.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is brine?",
          "ans": "A concentrated solution of sodium chloride in water is called brine.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the products obtained at anode and cathode in the chlor-alkali process.",
          "ans": "Chlorine gas is given off at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the effect of carbon dioxide produced during the formation of baking soda?",
          "ans": "The carbon dioxide produced can cause bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is water of crystallisation?",
          "ans": "It is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the uses of Plaster of Paris.",
          "ans": "It is used for making of toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
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    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch2_co",
    "fib": "ch2_fib",
    "mcq": "ch2_mcq",
    "nf": "ch2_nf",
    "yn": "ch2_yn",
    "un": "ch2_un",
    "dtf": "ch2_dtf",
    "afq": "ch2_afq",
    "jtf": "ch2_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch2_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch2_ctco",
    "laq": "ch2_laq",
    "afow": "ch2_afow",
    "snc": "ch2_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch2_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch2_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch2_mtf",
    "saq": "ch2_saq",
    "cs": "ch2_cs",
    "map": "ch2_map",
    "gowf": "ch2_gowf",
    "tf": "ch2_tf",
    "grf": "ch2_grf",
    "arbq": "ch2_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch2_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch3",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Generally non-metals are not lustrous. Which of the following non-metals is lustrous?",
          "ans": "(d) Iodine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sulphur",
            "(b) Oxygen",
            "(c) Nitrogen",
            "(d) Iodine"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is known as",
          "ans": "(a) ductility",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ductility",
            "(b) malleability",
            "(c) sonorosity",
            "(d) conductivity"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Electrical wires have a coating of an insulating material. The meterial generally used is",
          "ans": "(c) PVC",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sulphur",
            "(b) Graphite",
            "(c) PVC",
            "(d) All can be used"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals is a liquid?",
          "ans": "(d) Mercury",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sodium",
            "(b) Aluminium",
            "(c) Gallium",
            "(d) Mercury"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is used for dissolution of gold?",
          "ans": "(d) Aqua regia",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Hydrochloric Acid",
            "(b) Sulphuric acid",
            "(c) Nitric acid",
            "(d) Aqua regia"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals does not react with cold as well as hot water?",
          "ans": "(d) Fe",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Ca",
            "(c) Mg",
            "(d) Fe"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Although metals form basic oxides, which of the following metals forms an amphoteric oxide?",
          "ans": "(c) Al",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Ca",
            "(c) Al",
            "(d) Cu"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following oxides will be obtained on reaction of iron with steam?",
          "ans": "(c) Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) FeO",
            "(b) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>",
            "(c) Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>",
            "(d) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals will be displaced from its salt solution by the other three metals?",
          "ans": "(b) Ag",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mg",
            "(b) Ag",
            "(c) Zn",
            "(d) Cu"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The chemical reactivity of elements depends on the tendency to attain",
          "ans": "(c) completely filled valence shells",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electrons",
            "(b) protons",
            "(c) completely filled valence shells",
            "(d) neutrons"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The bond formed between Mg and Cl in MgCl2 is",
          "ans": "(b) Ionic",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Covalent",
            "(b) Ionic",
            "(c) Compound",
            "(d) Organic"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The force which keeps Na+ and Cl– together in NaCl is",
          "ans": "(a) electrostatic",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electrostatic",
            "(b) gravitational",
            "(c) nuclear",
            "(d) electronic"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The physical nature of ionic compounds generally is",
          "ans": "(d) solid, hard, brittle",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) soft, malleable",
            "(b) liquid, lustrous",
            "(c) soft, brittle",
            "(d) solid, hard, brittle"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Electrovalent compounds are soluble in",
          "ans": "(c) water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) kerosene",
            "(b) petrol",
            "(c) water",
            "(d) carbon tetrachloride"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Conduction of electricity in ionic compounds is due to motion of",
          "ans": "(d) ions",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electrons",
            "(b) protons",
            "(c) molecules",
            "(d) ions"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals exist in their native state in nature? <br/>(i) Cu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Au &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Zn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Ag",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Silver articles become black on prolonged exposure to air. This is due to the formation of",
          "ans": "(c) Ag<sub>2</sub>S",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ag<sub>3</sub>N",
            "(b) Ag<sub>2</sub>O",
            "(c) Ag<sub>2</sub>S",
            "(d) Ag<sub>2</sub>S and Ag<sub>3</sub>N"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Metals are classified into three categories based on their",
          "ans": "(b) reactivity",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) affinity",
            "(b) reactivity",
            "(c) solubility",
            "(d) ductility"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The oxides of metals low in the activity series can be reduced by",
          "ans": "(d) heating",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) roasting",
            "(b) calcination",
            "(c) oxidation",
            "(d) heating"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following can be used as a reducing agent during extraction of metals?",
          "ans": "(a) carbon",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbon",
            "(b) aluminium",
            "(c) sodium",
            "(d) sulphur"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Stainless steal is a very useful material for our life. In stainless steel, iron is mixed with",
          "ans": "(a) Ni and Cr",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ni and Cr",
            "(b) Cu and Cr",
            "(c) Ni and Cu",
            "(d) Cu and Au"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If copper is kept open in air, it slowly loses its shining brown surface and gains a green coating. This happens due to the formation of",
          "ans": "(b) CuCO<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) CuSO<sub>4</sub>",
            "(b) CuCO<sub>3</sub>",
            "(c) Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>",
            "(d) CuO"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals does not corrode due to the atmosphere?",
          "ans": "(c) gold",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) silver",
            "(b) iron",
            "(c) gold",
            "(d) copper"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What cause an iron nail to rust?",
          "ans": "(a) both air and water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) both air and water",
            "(b) oil",
            "(c) dry air",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following does not prevent corrosion of iron",
          "ans": "(d) welding",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) painting",
            "(b) oiling/greasing",
            "(c) galvanisation",
            "(d) welding"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following property is generally not shown by metals?*",
          "ans": "(c) Dullness",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Electrical conduction",
            "(b) Sonorous in nature",
            "(c) Dullness",
            "(d) Ductilit"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils. Which of the following properties of aluminium are responsible for the same?* <br/>(i) Good thermal conductivity <br/>(ii) Good electrical conductivity <br/>(iii) Ductility <br/>(iv) High melting point",
          "ans": "(d) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following metals does not react with cold as well as hot water?*",
          "ans": "(d) Fe",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Ca",
            "(c) Mg",
            "(d) Fe"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What happens when calcium is treated with water?* <br/>(i) It does not react with water. <br/>(ii) It reacts violently with water. <br/>(iii) It reacts less violently with water. <br/>(iv) Bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of calcium.",
          "ans": "(d) (iii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iv)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (ii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Generally metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen gas. Which of the following acids does not give hydrogen gas on reacting with metals (except Mn and Mg)?*",
          "ans": "(c) HNO<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>",
            "(b) HCl",
            "(c) HNO<sub>3</sub>",
            "(d) All of these"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The composition of aqua regia is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3mc31c.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "45"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch3mc31a.jpg",
            "ch3mc31b.jpg",
            "ch3mc31c.jpg",
            "ch3mc31d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are not ionic compounds?* <br/>(i) KCl <br/>(ii) HCl <br/>(iii) CCl<sub>4</sub> <br/>(iv) NaCl",
          "ans": "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following properties is not generally exhibited by ionic compounds?*",
          "ans": "(b) Electrical conductivity in solid state",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Solubility in water",
            "(b) Electrical conductivity in solid state",
            "(c) High melting and boiling points",
            "(d) Electrical conductivity in molten state"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Metals are refined by using different methods. Which of the following metals are refined by electrolytic refining?* <br/>(i) Au &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Cu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) K",
          "ans": "(a) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Galvanisation is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of*",
          "ans": "(c) Zinc",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Gallium",
            "(b) Aluminium",
            "(c) Zinc",
            "(d) Silver"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Generally, metals are solid in nature. Which one of the following metals is found in liquid state at room temperature?*",
          "ans": "(d) Hg",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Fe",
            "(c) Cr",
            "(d) Hg"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following metals are obtained by electrolysis of their chlorides in molten state?* <br/>(i) Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Ca &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Fe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Cu",
          "ans": "(d) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iv)",
            "(b) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i) and (ii)"
          ],
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "2 mL each of concentrated HCl, HNO3 and a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO<sub>3</sub>in the ratio of 3 : 1 were taken in test tubes labelled as A, B and C. A small piece of metal was put in each test tube. No change occurred in test tubes A and B but the metal got dissolved in test tube C. The metal could be*",
          "ans": "(b) Au",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Al",
            "(b) Au",
            "(c) Cu",
            "(d) Pt"
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An alloy is*",
          "ans": "(c) a homogeneous mixture",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) an element",
            "(b) a compound",
            "(c) a homogeneous mixture",
            "(d) a heterogeneous mixture"
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An electrolytic cell consists of* <br/>(i) positively charged cathode <br/>(ii) negatively charged anode <br/>(iii) positively charged anode <br/>(iv) negatively charged cathode",
          "ans": "(b) (iii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) ad (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 40
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "During electrolytic refining of zinc, it gets*",
          "ans": "(a) deposited on cathode",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) deposited on cathode",
            "(b) deposited on anode",
            "(c) deposited on cathode as well as anode",
            "(d) remains in the solution"
          ],
          "val": 41
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An element A is soft and can be cut with a knife. It is very reactive to air and cannot be kept open in air. It reacts vigorously with water. Identify the element from the following:*",
          "ans": "(b) Na",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mg",
            "(b) Na",
            "(c) P",
            "(d) Ca"
          ],
          "val": 42
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of a metal with a metal or non-metal. Which among the following alloys contains non-metal as one of its constituents?*",
          "ans": "(d) Steel",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Brass",
            "(b) Bronze",
            "(c) Amalgam",
            "(d) Steel"
          ],
          "val": 43
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following statements is incorrect for magnesium metal?*",
          "ans": "(b) It reacts with cold water to form magnesium oxide and evolves hydrogen gas.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) It burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame.",
            "(b) It reacts with cold water to form magnesium oxide and evolves hydrogen gas.",
            "(c) It reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas.",
            "(d) It reacts with steam to form magnesium hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas."
          ],
          "val": 44
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following alloys contains mercury as one of its constituents?*",
          "ans": "(d) Zinc amalgam",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Stainless steel",
            "(b) Alnico",
            "(c) Solder",
            "(d) Zinc amalgam"
          ],
          "val": 45
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Reaction between X and Y forms compound Z. X loses electron and Y gains electron. Which of the following properties is not shown by Z?*",
          "ans": "(b) Has low melting point",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Has high melting point",
            "(b) Has low melting point",
            "(c) Conducts electricity in molten state",
            "(d) Occurs as solid"
          ],
          "val": 46
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The electronic configurations of three elements X, Y and Z are* <br/>X – 2, 8; Y – 2, 8, 7; and Z – 2, 8, 2. Which of the following is correct?",
          "ans": "(d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) X is a metal",
            "(b) Y is a metal",
            "(c) Z is a non-metal",
            "(d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal"
          ],
          "val": 47
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Generally, non-metals are not conductors of electricity. Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity?*",
          "ans": "(b) Graphite",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Diamond",
            "(b) Graphite",
            "(c) Sulphur",
            "(d) Fullerene"
          ],
          "val": 48
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following non-metals is a liquid?*",
          "ans": "(b) Bromine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Carbon",
            "(b) Bromine",
            "(c) Phosphorus",
            "(d) Sulphur"
          ],
          "val": 49
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following can undergo a chemical reaction?*",
          "ans": "(d) CuSO<sub>4</sub> + Fe",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) MgSO<sub>4</sub> + Fe",
            "(b) ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + Fe",
            "(c) MgSO<sub>4</sub> + Pb",
            "(d) CuSO<sub>4</sub> + Fe"
          ],
          "val": 50
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following figures correctly describes the process of electrolytic refining?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3mc51b.jpg",
            "width": "230",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch3mc51a.jpg",
            "ch3mc51b.jpg",
            "ch3mc51c.jpg",
            "ch3mc51d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 51
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Compare the physical properties of metals and non-metals.",
          "ans": "<b>Metals:</b><br/>(i) They are generally strong and hard to cut except Na and K. <br/>(ii) They are malleable and can be beaten into thin sheets. <br/>(iii) They are ductile and can be drawn into wires.<br/>(iv) They are sonorous and produce sound on hitting. <br/>(v) They are good conductors of heat and electricity. <br/>(vi) They have high melting and boiling points.<br/><b>Non-metals:</b><br/>(i) They are generally soft or brittle. <br/>(ii) They are not malleable and ductile. <br/>(iii) They can exist as solid, liquid and gas. <br/>(iv) They are non-lustrous. <br/>(v) They are non-conductors of heat and electricity. <br/>(vi) They have low melting and boiling points.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Compare the chemical properties of metals and non-metals.",
          "ans": "<b>Metals: </b><br/>(i) They react with oxygen to form basic oxides. <br/>(ii) They lose electrons to form positive ions. <br/>(iii) More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their salt solution. <br/>(iv) Metals react with dil. acids to form salt and hydrogen gas, except with HNO<sub>3</sub>. <br/><b>Non-metals:</b> <br/>(i) They react with oxygen to form acidic oxides. <br/>(ii) They gain electrons to form negative ions. <br/>(iii) They are oxidising agents. <br/>(iv) They do not react with acids.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the following: <br/>(a) Reactivity of Al decreases if it is dipped in HNO<sub>3</sub>. <br/>(b) Metals like Na, K, Ca and Mg are never found in their free state in nature. <br/>(c) NaCl is not a good conductor of electricity in dry state, but in aqueous solution, it does conduct electricity.",
          "ans": "(a) In HNO<sub>3</sub>, Al gets oxidised and forms a layer of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, hence its reactivity decreases. <br/>(b) Since they are highly reactive metals, they easily combine with oxygen and form oxides. <br/>(c) In solid NaCl ther e is no movement of ions. In aqueous solution, there is movement of ions which makes it a good conductor.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "An element A burns with a golden flame in air. It reacts with another element B, atomic number 17, to give a product C. An aqueous solution of product C on electrolysis gives a compound D and liberates hydrogen. Identify A, B, C and D and write the equations involved.",
          "ans": "A is sodium. <br/>Sodium reacts with chlorine (atomic no. 17) to give sodium chloride (NaCl). <br/>B is chlorine. <br/>C is sodium chloride. <br/>Aqueous solution of Sodium chloride on electrolysis gives sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas. <br/>D is sodium hydroxide. <br/>Equations: <br/>2Na + Cl<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2NaCl <br/>2NaCl + 2H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; 2NaOH + Cl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(a) In the formation of compound between two atoms A and B, A loses two electrons and B gains one electron. What is the nature of bond between A and B? Suggest the formula of the compound formed. <br/>(b) Explain the formation of MgCl<sub>2</sub> similarly. <br/>(c) Common salt conducts electricity in molten state. Why? <br/>(d) Why is the melting point of NaCl high?",
          "ans": "(a) A and B form an ionic bond. The compound will be AB<sub>2</sub>. <br>(b) Mg loses two electrons and Cl gains two electrons.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3la1a.jpg",
            "width": "535",
            "height": "125"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "State the reason why: <br/>(a) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. <br/>(b) Ionic compounds are soluble in water. <br/>(c) Ionic compounds are solid and hard. <br/>(d) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state. <br/>(e) Metals have a tendency to lose electrons.",
          "ans": "(a) Because a large amount of energy is needed to break the strong ionic bonds. <br/>(b) Because the ions of the compound break down in the presence of water molecules.  <br/>(c) Because of the strong force of attraction between ions.  <br/>(d) Because the ions are free to move towards opposite terminals in molten state.  <br/>(e) They possess less than 4 valence electrons and hence lose electrons easily to attain the noble gas configuration.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the electron dot structure for sodium (11), oxygen (8), chlorine (17) and magnesium (12).",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3la7a.jpg",
            "width": "185",
            "height": "170"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from their carbonate ores. <br/>(ii) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the various steps supported by chemical equation. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of copper.",
          "ans": "(i) Carbonate ores are first changed into oxides by calcination. Then the metal oxide is reduced by using a reducing agent like carbon.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3la8a.jpg",
            "width": "570",
            "height": "224"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "• Carbon cannot be used as reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO. Why ? <br/>• How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give an equation of the reactions.",
          "ans": "• Because magnesium has more affinity for oxygen than carbon. <br/>• Electrolytic reduction process of molten NaCl : During electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, sodium metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine gas is liberated at the anode. The electrolyte is a salt solution of sodium. <br/><b>At cathode:</b> 2Na<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup> &#x27F6; 2Na <br/>At anode: 2Cl<sup>–</sup> &#x27F6; Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>–</sup>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Define the terms ‘alloy’ and ‘amalgam’. Name the alloy used for welding electric wires together. What are its constituents? <br/>(ii) Name the constituents of the following alloys: (a) brass (b) stainless steel (c) bronze <br/>(iii) State one property in each of these alloys, which is different from its main constituents.",
          "ans": "(i) An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal, mixed in the molten state. Amalgam is an alloy of a metal with mercury. <br/>Solder is the alloy used for the welding of electric wires. It is an alloy of tin and lead. <br/>(ii) <b>Brass:</b> copper and zinc Stainless steel: iron, nickel and chromium <br/><b>Bronze:</b> copper and tin. <br/>(iii) Brass and bronze have lower electrical conductivity than copper. Stainless steel does not corrode easily as iron.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the chemical name of the coating that forms on silver and copper articles when these are left exposed to moist air. <br/>(ii) Explain what is galvanisation. What purpose is served by it? <br/>(iii) Define an alloy. How are alloys prepared? How do the properties of iron change when: <br/>(a) Small quantity of carbon is mixed? <br/>(b) Nickel and chromium are mixed with it?",
          "ans": "(i) A coating of silver sulphide is formed on silver, while a coating of copper carbonate is formed on copper. <br/>(ii) Galvanisation is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc. The article is protected against rusting even if the zinc coating is broken. <br/>(iii) Alloy is homogenous mixture of two or more elements, i.e. metals and non-metals. It is prepared first by melting the primary metal and then dissolving the other elements in it, in definite proportion. It is then cooled at room temperature. <br/>(a) On mixing carbon, iron becomes hard and strong. <br/>(b) On mixing nickel and chromium, iron becomes rust proof.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List three properties of sodium in which it differs from the general physical properties of most metals.",
          "ans": "<b>3 properties are:</b> <br/(i) Sodium is a soft metal and can be cut with a knife. <br/>(ii) Its density is very less and hence floats on water. <br/>(iii) It has low melting point.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write one example of each of the following: <br/>(i) Most malleable metal and most ductile metal. <br/>(ii) The best conductor of heat and the poor conductor of heat. <br/>(iii) A metal with high melting point and a metal with low melting point.",
          "ans": "(i) Gold and silver <br/>(ii) <b>Best conductor:</b> silver, <b>Poor conductor:</b> lead <br/>(iii) <b>High melting point:</b> Tungsten <br/><b>Low melting point:</b> Gallium",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give reason: Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen from the acids.",
          "ans": "Because they do not have a tendency to lose electrons but to gain electrons, and they are less reactive than hydrogen.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write balanced equations for the reaction of <br/>(i) Aluminium when heated in air, write the name of product. <br/>(ii) Iron with steam. Name the product obtained. <br/>(iii) Calcium with water. Why does calcium start floating in water?",
          "ans": "(i) 4Al + 3O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Aluminium oxide <br/>(ii) 2Fe + 4H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 4H<sub>2</sub>, Ferric oxide <br/>(iii) Ca + 2H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>, Calcium starts floating in water because hydrogen sticks to calcium.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the balanced chemical equations for the following: (i) When copper is heated in air; (ii) When aluminium is heated in air and (iii) Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide.",
          "ans": "(i) 2Cu + O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2CuO <br/>(ii) 4Al + 3O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <br/>(iii) Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2NaOH &#x27F6; 2NaAIO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A student collects silver and copper coins. One day he notices black coating on silver and green coating on copper coins. State the chemical name of these coatings and explain how they are formed.",
          "ans": "Black coating on silver is silver sulphide (Ag<sub>2</sub>S). <br/>Green coating on copper is copper carbonate (CuCO<sub>3</sub>). <br/>These coatings are formed due to the reaction of these metals with oxygen, sulphur, carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating on its surface. Write the chemical equation.",
          "ans": "Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal. <br/>Ca + 2H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain using electron dot structure how Na and Cl form a chemical bond. Name the type of the bond. Why does this compound have a high melting point?",
          "ans": "Na and Cl form a bond by transfer of electrons. Na loses one electron and forms <br/>Na<sub>+</sup> ion, Cl gains one electron and forms ClNa<sub>–</sup> ion. It is called an ionic bond.<br/>Ionic bond is a strong bond, hence the melting point of NaCl is high.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str8a.jpg",
            "width": "240",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Show the formation of MgO by the transfer of electrons. Name the cation and anion. Write two properties of ionic compounds.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str9a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "145"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the electron dot structure of potassium and chlorine. Show the formation of potassium chloride by transfer of electrons.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str10a.jpg",
            "width": "450",
            "height": "65"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the formation of ionic compound CaO with elecron dot structure. Atomic numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str11a.jpg",
            "width": "240",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define (i) Mineral and (ii) Ore. <br/>Aluminium occurs in combined state, whereas gold is found in free state in nature. Why?",
          "ans": "<b>Minerals:</b> The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth’s crust are called minerals. <br/><b>Ore:</b> The mineral from which particular metal can be extracted is called ore. Aluminium is more reactive as compared to gold. Thus, aluminium occurs in combined state while gold occurs in free state.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Zinc is the metal found in the middle of the activity series of metals. In nature, it is found as a carbonate ore, ZnCO<sub>3</sub>. Mention the steps carried out for its extraction from the ore. Support with equation.",
          "ans": "<b>Calcination:</b> Heating the ore strongly in limited supply of oxygen. <br/>ZnCO<sub>3</sub> + Heat &#x27F6; ZnO + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/><b>Reduction:</b> Converting ZnO to Zn with the help of carbon. <br/>ZnO + C &#x27F6; Zn + CO",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is cinnabar? How is a metal extracted from cinnabar? Explain briefly.",
          "ans": "Cinnabar is ore of mercury. <br/>When it is heated in air, it first changes into its oxide and then mercury is extracted.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str14a.jpg",
            "width": "380",
            "height": "80"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In thermite reaction, a compound of iron reacts with a metal. <br/>(i) Name the metal used in this reaction. <br/>(ii) After completion of this reaction, a metal is obtained in the molten state. Identify the metal. <br/>(iii) Represent this reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation. <br/>(iv) Mention the most common use of this reaction.",
          "ans": "(i) Aluminium (Al) (ii) Iron (Fe) <br/>(iii) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2Al &#x27F6; 2Fe + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + Heat <br/>(iv) <b>Uses:</b> To join railway tracks or cracked machine parts.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain how the following metals are obtained from their compounds by reduction process: <br/>(i) Metal X which is low in reactivity series. <br/>(ii) Metal Y which is in the middle of reactivity series. <br/>(iii) Metal Z which is high in the reactivity series.",
          "ans": "(i) Metal X is obtained simply by heating, e.g. mercury",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3str16a.jpg",
            "width": "510",
            "height": "175"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is meant by corrosion? <br/>(i) Why do aluminium sheets not corrode easily? <br/>(ii) Why is copper vessel covered with a green coating in rainy season?",
          "ans": "Slow eating of metals due to attack of atmospheric gases so as to convert the metal into its oxides, sulphides, etc. is called corrosion. <br/>(i) A protective layer of aluminium oxide is formed on its surface to prevent its corrosion. <br/>(ii) The moisture in air forms copper oxide and causes copper to corrode. This copper oxide reacts with carbon dioxide gas to produce green coloured copper carbonate.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the constituent metals of bronze.",
          "ans": "Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is iron made useful in the industries?",
          "ans": "Pure iron is very soft. To make it harder, it is mixed with a small amount of carbon.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is stainless steel? How is it better than iron?",
          "ans": "An alloy of iron with nickel and chromium is called stainless steel. Stainless steel is corrosion resistant.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give some examples and uses of alloys.",
          "ans": "(i) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron with nickel and chromium. It has a wide range of domestic and industrial uses. <br/>(ii) Solder is an alloy of lead and tin. It is used for welding electrical wires together. <br/>(iii) Brass and bronze are alloys of copper. They are used for making utensils.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Iqbal treated a lustrous, divalent element M with sodium hydroxide. He observed the formation of bubbles in reaction mixture. He made the same observations when this element was treated with hydrochloric acid. Suggest how can he identify the produced gas. Write chemical equations for both the reactions.*",
          "ans": "The produced gas hydrogen can be identified by bringing a burning matchstick near the reaction vessel. A pop sound is produced. <br/>M + 2NaOH → Na<sub>2</sub>MO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>, M + 2HCl → MCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>The element is a metal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "The reaction between compound X and aluminium are used to join railway tracks. (a) Identify the compound X. (b) Name the reaction. (c) Write down its reaction.*",
          "ans": "(i) X — Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <br/>(ii) Thermite reaction <br/>(iii) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + Heat",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When a metal X is treated with cold water, it gives a basic salt Y with molecular formula XOH (Molecular mass = 40) and liberates a gas Z which easily catches fire. Identify X, Y and Z and also write the reaction involved.*",
          "ans": "X — Na, Y — NaOH, Z — H<sub>2</sub> <br/>2Na + 2H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaOH + H<sub>2</sub> + Heat energy",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A metal A, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B, which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with HCl and NaOH.*",
          "ans": "A — Al; B — Al<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> <br/>Al<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> + 6HCl → 2AlCl<sub>3</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>Al<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating its sulphide in the presence of air. Identify the metal and its ore and give the reaction involved.*",
          "ans": "Metals low in activity series can be obtained by reducing their sulphides or oxides by heating. Mercury is the only metal that exists as liquid at room temperature. It can be obtained by heating cinnabar (HgS), the sulphide ore of mercury. The reactions are as follows:",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3srt26a.jpg",
            "width": "240",
            "height": "50"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What happens when* <br/>(i) ZnCO<sub>3</sub> is heated in the absence of oxygen? <br/>(ii) a mixture of Cu2O and Cu<sub>2</sub>S is heated?",
          "ans": "(i) It undergoes calcination. The chemical reaction can be given as",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3srt27a.jpg",
            "width": "400",
            "height": "60"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "An element A reacts with water to form a compound B which is used in white washing. The compound B on heating forms an oxide C which on treatment with water gives back B. Identify A, B and C and give the reactions involved.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3srt28a.jpg",
            "width": "235",
            "height": "65"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "An alkali metal A gives a compound B (molecular mass = 40) on reacting with water. The compound B gives a soluble compound C on treatment with aluminium oxide. Identify A, B and C and give the reaction involved.*",
          "ans": "A — Na; B — NaOH; C — NaAlO<sub>2</sub> <br/>2Na + 2H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; 2NaOH + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2NaOH &#x27F6; 2NaAlO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give the reaction involved during extraction of zinc from its ore by* <br/>(i) roasting of zinc ore. <br/>(ii) calcination of zinc ore.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3srt30a.jpg",
            "width": "280",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A metal M does not liberate hydrogen from acids but reacts with oxygen to give a black colour product. Identify M and black coloured product and also explain the reaction of M with oxygen.*",
          "ans": "M = Cu; Black product— CuO <br/>2Cu + O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; 2CuO",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 31,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name one metal and one non-metal which exist in liquid state at room temperature.",
          "ans": "<b>Metal:</b> Mercury, <b>Non-metal:</b> Bromine",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the metal which has very low melting point and can melt with heat of your palm.",
          "ans": "Gallium",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-lustrous.",
          "ans": "Non-metal: Iodine, Metal: Sodium",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give an example of a metal which is the best conductor of electricity.",
          "ans": "Silver or copper",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State two physical properties of gold which are of extreme use to jewellers.",
          "ans": "It is malleable, ductile and lustrous.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "An element X forms an oxide which turns red litmus paper blue. Identify whether X is a metal or a non-metal.",
          "ans": "X is a metal because its oxide is basic which turns red litmus blue.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens when copper reacts with zinc sulphate?",
          "ans": "No reaction takes place because copper is less reactive than zinc.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "A green layer is formed on a copper plate when it is left exposed to air. What is this green substance?",
          "ans": "It is copper carbonate which is basic in nature.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity. <br/>Na, K, Cu, Ag",
          "ans": "K > Na > Cu > Ag",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two metals which react with dil. HNO<sub>3</sub> to evolve H<sub>2</sub> gas.",
          "ans": "Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn)",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the valency of silicon with atomic number 14?",
          "ans": "4",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity in solid state?",
          "ans": "Because in solid state there is no movement of ions.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the electron dot structures of Na and Cl atoms.",
          "ans": "Electron dot structure of Sodium <br/>Na (2, 8, 1)",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch3vst13a.jpg",
            "width": "225",
            "height": "85"
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "A compound Z is formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal X to a metal Y. Identify the type of bond formed.",
          "ans": "Bond formed by transfer of electrons is ionic bond.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is meant by metallurgy?",
          "ans": "Extraction of a metal from its ore and refining it to obtain the pure metal is called metallurgy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is carbon not used for reducing aluminium from aluminium oxide?",
          "ans": "Because aluminium has greater affinity for oxygen than carbon.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens when ZnCO<sub>3</sub> is heated in the absence of air? Give the relevant equation.",
          "ans": "ZnO(s) and CO<sub>2</sub>(g) are formed. <br/>ZnCO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; ZnO + CO<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the reaction used in welding of broken rail tracks and machinery parts.",
          "ans": "Thermit reaction",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the chemical processes used for getting a metal from its oxide.",
          "ans": "Reduction, displacement",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do we apply paint on iron articles?",
          "ans": "Paint forms a protective layer on the surface of iron. So, oxygen and moisture present in air cannot have direct contact with metal. Hence, surface is protected from rusting.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the corrosive layer of oxide on iron called?",
          "ans": "Rust",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which metals do not corrode easily?",
          "ans": "Gold and platinum",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is pure iron not useful in the industry?",
          "ans": "Because it is very soft and stretches easily when hot.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is amalgam?",
          "ans": "Amalgam is an alloy of mercury with any other metal.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        }
      ],
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    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch3_co",
    "fib": "ch3_fib",
    "mcq": "ch3_mcq",
    "nf": "ch3_nf",
    "yn": "ch3_yn",
    "un": "ch3_un",
    "dtf": "ch3_dtf",
    "afq": "ch3_afq",
    "jtf": "ch3_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch3_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch3_ctco",
    "laq": "ch3_laq",
    "afow": "ch3_afow",
    "snc": "ch3_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch3_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch3_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch3_mtf",
    "saq": "ch3_saq",
    "cs": "ch3_cs",
    "map": "ch3_map",
    "gowf": "ch3_gowf",
    "tf": "ch3_tf",
    "grf": "ch3_grf",
    "arbq": "ch3_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch3_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch4",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 4 - Carbon and Its Compounds",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of",
          "ans": "(b) carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbon monoxide only.",
            "(b) carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide.",
            "(c) carbon dioxide only.",
            "(d) coal."
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of",
          "ans": "(b) neon.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) helium.",
            "(b) neon.",
            "(c) argon.",
            "(d) krypton."
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because",
          "ans": "(d) both (a) and (b).",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) mineral acids are completely ionised.",
            "(b) carboxylic acids are partially ionised.",
            "(c) mineral acids are partially ionised.",
            "(d) both (a) and (b)."
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Ethane with the molecular formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub> has",
          "ans": "(d) 7 covalent bonds",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 6 covalent bonds",
            "(b) 12 covalent bonds",
            "(c) 8 covalent bonds",
            "(d) 7 covalent bonds"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a4c.jpg",
            "width": "85",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch4a4a.jpg",
            "ch4a4b.jpg",
            "ch4a4c.jpg",
            "ch4a4d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbon?",
          "ans": "(d) All of them",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a6a.jpg",
            "ch4a6b.jpg",
            "ch4a6c.jpg",
            "(d) All of them"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The heteroatoms present in <br/>CH<sub>3</sub>—CH<sub>2</sub>—O—CH<sub>2</sub>—CH<sub>2</sub>Cl are <br/>(i) oxygen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) carbon <br/>(iii) hydrogen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) chlorine",
          "ans": "(d) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following compounds —OH is the functional group?",
          "ans": "(b) Butanol",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Butanone",
            "(b) Butanol",
            "(c) Butanoic acid",
            "(d) Butanal"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "While cooking if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that",
          "ans": "(b) the fuel is not burning completely.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the food is not cooked completely.",
            "(b) the fuel is not burning completely.",
            "(c) the fuel is less.",
            "(d) the fuel is burning completely."
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Oil on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst forms fat. This is an example of",
          "ans": "(a) addition reaction.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) addition reaction.",
            "(b) substitution reaction.",
            "(c) displacement reaction.",
            "(d) oxidation reaction."
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following gives a clean flame on burning?",
          "ans": "(b) methane",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ethyne",
            "(b) methane",
            "(c) propene",
            "(d) acetylene"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Burning of coal and petroleum releases oxides of",
          "ans": "(a) sulphur and nitrogen",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) sulphur and nitrogen",
            "(b) carbon and sulphur",
            "(c) carbon and nitrogen",
            "(d) carbon and oxygen"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Oxidation of alcohols gives",
          "ans": "(c) carboxylic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ketone",
            "(b) aldehyde",
            "(c) carboxylic acid",
            "(d) alkene"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Healthy cooking oils contain",
          "ans": "(b) unsaturated fatty acids",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) saturated fatty acids",
            "(b) unsaturated fatty acids",
            "(c) alcohols",
            "(d) animal fats"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Vinegar is a solution of",
          "ans": "(c) 5%–8% acetic acid in water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 50%–60% acetic acid in alcohol",
            "(b) 5%–8% acetic acid in alcohol",
            "(c) 5%–8% acetic acid in water",
            "(d) 50%–60% acetic acid in water"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms",
          "ans": "(c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) sodium ethanoate and hydrogen",
            "(b) sodium ethoxide and oxygen",
            "(c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Pure ethanol is also called",
          "ans": "(d) absolute alcohol",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) methanol",
            "(b) propanol",
            "(c) alchohol",
            "(d) absolute alcohol"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Glacial acetic acid is pure",
          "ans": "(b) ethanoic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) methanoic acid",
            "(b) ethanoic acid",
            "(c) carboxylic acid",
            "(d) propanoic acid"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What do you observe in a saponification reaction when you mix an equal amount of colourless vegetable oil and 20% aqueous solution of NaOH in a beaker?",
          "ans": "(c) The outer surfaces of the beaker has become hot.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The colour of the mixture has become dark brown.",
            "(b) A brisk effervescence is taking place in a beaker.",
            "(c) The outer surfaces of the beaker has become hot.",
            "(d) The outer surface of the beaker has become cold."
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the soap micelle,",
          "ans": "(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster, while the carbon chain is in the interior of cluster.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster, while the carbon chain is in the interior of cluster.",
            "(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.",
            "(c) Both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When soap reacts with hard water it form",
          "ans": "(b) scum",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) foam",
            "(b) scum",
            "(c) dirt",
            "(d) lather"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In hard water, soaps form insoluble precipitates of",
          "ans": "(c) Ca and Mg",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ca and Al",
            "(b) Mg and Al",
            "(c) Ca and Mg",
            "(d) Na and Ca"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Soaps are salts of",
          "ans": "(d) sodium or potassium",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) calcium",
            "(b) carbonates",
            "(c) hydroxides",
            "(d) sodium or potassium"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Detergents are salts of",
          "ans": "(a) ammonium or sulphonate",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ammonium or sulphonate",
            "(b) carbonate",
            "(c) hydroxide",
            "(d) sodium or potassium"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Micelle formation is due to _______________ repulsion.",
          "ans": "(b) ion-ion",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) molecule-ion",
            "(b) ion-ion",
            "(c) atom-atom",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In micelle formation the _______________ end is towards dirt and ___________ end is towards water.",
          "ans": "(a) hydrophobic, hydrophilic",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hydrophobic, hydrophilic",
            "(b) head, tail",
            "(c) tail, head",
            "(d) hydrophilic, hydrophobic"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These* <br/>(i) are good conductors of electricity. <br/>(ii) are poor conductors of electricity. <br/>(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules. <br/>(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules.",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A molecule of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) has*",
          "ans": "(a) only single bonds.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) only single bonds.",
            "(b) only double bonds.",
            "(c) only triple bonds.",
            "(d) two double bonds and one single bond."
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of*",
          "ans": "(c) carbon",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) phosphorus",
            "(b) sulphur",
            "(c) carbon",
            "(d) tin"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?*",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4a30.jpg",
            "width": "470",
            "height": "195"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (ii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the below reaction, alkaline KMnO<sub>4</sub> acts as*",
          "ans": "(b) oxidising agent.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4a31.jpg",
            "width": "355",
            "height": "40"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) reducing agent.",
            "(b) oxidising agent.",
            "(c) catalyst.",
            "(d) dehydrating agent."
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of*",
          "ans": "(a) addition reaction.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) addition reaction.",
            "(b) substitution reaction.",
            "(c) displacement reaction.",
            "(d) oxidation reaction."
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following compounds, — OH is the functional group?*",
          "ans": "(b) Butanol",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Butanone",
            "(b) Butanol",
            "(c) Butanoic acid",
            "(d) Butanal"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The soap molecule has a*",
          "ans": "(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.",
            "(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.",
            "(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail.",
            "(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail."
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a35a.jpg",
            "ch4a35b.jpg",
            "ch4a35c.jpg",
            "ch4a35d.jpg"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a35d.jpg",
            "width": "95",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Structural formula of ethyne is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a36a.jpg",
            "width": "125",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch4a36a.jpg",
            "ch4a36b.jpg",
            "ch4a36c.jpg",
            "ch4a36d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following* <br/>(i) Propane <br/>(ii) Propene <br/>(iii) Propyne <br/>(iv) Chloropropane",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the*",
          "ans": "(b) presence of sunlight.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) absence of sunlight.",
            "(b) presence of sunlight.",
            "(c) presence of water.",
            "(d) presence of hydrochloric acid."
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the soap micelles,*",
          "ans": "(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster, while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster, while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.",
            "(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.",
            "(c) both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster.",
            "(d) both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster."
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Pentane has the molecular formula C5 H12. It has*",
          "ans": "(c) 16 covalent bonds.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 5 covalent bonds.",
            "(b) 12 covalent bonds.",
            "(c) 16 covalent bonds.",
            "(d) 17 covalent bonds."
          ],
          "val": 40
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Structural formula of benzene is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a41a.jpg",
            "ch4a41b.jpg",
            "ch4a41c.jpg",
            "ch4a41d.jpg"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a41c.jpg",
            "width": "135",
            "height": "126"
          },
          "val": 41
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct structural formula of butanoic acid is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a42a.jpg",
            "ch4a42b.jpg",
            "ch4a42c.jpg",
            "ch4a42d.jpg"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a42d.jpg",
            "width": "185",
            "height": "65"
          },
          "val": 42
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a43a.jpg",
            "ch4a43b.jpg",
            "ch4a43c.jpg",
            "(d) H :O: H"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a43c.jpg",
            "width": "100",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "val": 43
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a44a.jpg",
            "(b) H<sub>3</sub>C – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>3</sub>",
            "ch4a44c.jpg",
            "ch4a44d.jpg"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a44d.jpg",
            "width": "220",
            "height": "60"
          },
          "val": 44
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?*",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4a45.jpg",
            "width": "470",
            "height": "70"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 45
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?*",
          "ans": "(d) C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) CH<sub>4</sub>",
            "(b) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>",
            "(c) C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>",
            "(d) C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>"
          ],
          "val": 46
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The name of the compound CH<sub>3</sub> — CH<sub>2</sub> — CHO is*",
          "ans": "(a) propanal.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) propanal.",
            "(b) propanone.",
            "(c) ethanol.",
            "(d) ethanal."
          ],
          "val": 47
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The heteroatoms present in* <br/>CH<sub>3</sub> — CH<sub>2</sub> — O — CH<sub>2</sub>— CH<sub>2</sub> Cl are <br/>(i) oxygen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) carbon <br/>(iii) hydrogen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) chlorine",
          "ans": "(d) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 48
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following represents saponification reaction?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "ch4a49a.jpg",
            "ch4a49b.jpg",
            "ch4a49c.jpg",
            "ch4a49d.jpg"
          ],
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4a49d.jpg",
            "width": "406",
            "height": "27"
          },
          "val": 49
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The first member of alkyne homologous series is*",
          "ans": "(a) ethyne.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ethyne.",
            "(b) ethene.",
            "(c) propyne.",
            "(d) methane."
          ],
          "val": 50
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write difference between the properties of covalent and ionic compound.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Covalent",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) They are readily soluble in organic solvent.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) They do not ionise.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(d) They have weak force of attraction between the molecules.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Ionic",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(i) They are not soluble in organic solvent.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(ii) They ionise in organic medium.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iii) They are good conductors of heat and electricity.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iv) They have strong force of attraction between the molecules.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) State any three physical properties of carbon compounds. <br/>(ii) Carbon is a versatile element. Justify this statement",
          "ans": "(i) Three physical properties of carbon compounds are: <br/>(a) They have catenation property. <br/>(b) They have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. <br/>(c) They are poor conductors of electricity. <br/>(ii) Carbon is versatile element because it forms covalent bonds with large number of elements and has catenation capacity to form compounds by chain of bonds with itself.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why does not carbon gain or lose electrons to form an ionic bond?",
          "ans": "(i) If it gains 4 electrons, it becomes difficult for the nucleus with 6 protons to hold on to ten electrons. <br/>(ii) If it loses 4 electrons, it needs large amount of energy to do so and the nucleus is left with 6 protons to hold on to just 2 electrons. <br/>To overcome these problems, carbon shares its valence electrons and forms covalent bonds.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write a note on allotropes of carbon.",
          "ans": "Carbon exists in nature in three forms with different physical properties. <br/>(i) Diamond: Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid tetrahedral structure. It is the hardest substance found in nature. <br/>(ii) Graphite: Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms forming a layered hexagonal array. Graphite is smooth and slippery and good conductor of electricity. <br/>(iii) Buckminster fullerene: It has 60 carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football. It has a geodesic dome design and is hollow from inside.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the name of the following: <br/>(i) CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH2Br <br/>Draw the electron dot structure of ethene C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>.",
          "ans": "(i) Propanoic acid <br/>(ii) 1- bromo propane",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4l5a.jpg",
            "width": "135",
            "height": "75"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Make the structure of methane by showing sharing of electrons between carbon and hydrogen atoms. How could you convert methane into chloroform by substitution reaction? Explain with the help of chemical reactions.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4b6a.jpg",
            "width": "576",
            "height": "327"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Describe the addition reaction of carbon compounds with its applications. State the function of catalyst in this reaction. <br/>How is this reaction different from a substitution reaction?",
          "ans": "Addition reaction: When an H2 molecule is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, to break the double or triple bond, in the presence of Ni as catalyst, it is called an addition reaction.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4b7a.jpg",
            "width": "570",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Complete the following equations:",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4b8.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "115"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4b8a.jpg",
            "width": "435",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write balanced chemical equation for the following: <br/>(i) Methane is burnt in sufficient air. <br/>(ii) Ethanol is treated with sodium. <br/>(iii) Ethanoic acid is reacted with sodium hydroxide. <br/>(iv) Ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonate. <br/>(v) Ethanol is mixed with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid.",
          "ans": "(i) CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + heat + light <br/>(ii) 2CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + 2Na &#x27F6; 2CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>ONa + H<sub>2</sub> <br/>(iii) CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOH &#x27F6; CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>(iv) 2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; 2CH<sub>2</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4b9a.jpg",
            "width": "400",
            "height": "35"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the cleansing action of soap.",
          "ans": "The molecules of soap have two ends of different properties. The hydrophilic end interacts with water and the hydrophobic end interacts with the hydrocarbons. Inside the water, there are clusters of such molecules called micelles. The oily dirt is collected in the centre of the molecule and micelles stay in the solution as a colloid because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus, the dirt suspended in the micelles is easily rinsed away.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why are detergents considered as better cleansing agents?",
          "ans": "Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts. The charged ends of detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Thus, they remain effective and do not form scum.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the simplest compound formed by carbon and state its uses.",
          "ans": "Methane: CH<sub>4</sub> <br/>Uses: A major component of biogas and CNG.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "On what does the reactivity of an element depend?",
          "ans": "It depends on its capacity to donate or accept electrons.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a diagram to show the bonding in O2 and N2 molecules.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c3a.jpg",
            "width": "405",
            "height": "170"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw an electron dot structure of methane.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c4a.jpg",
            "width": "109",
            "height": "129"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw structures of the following compounds and identify the functional group present in them. <br/>(i) Butanoic acid &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Bromopropane &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Butyne",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c5a.jpg",
            "width": "420",
            "height": "175"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the formula and draw the electron dot structure of the following: <br/>(i) Ethane &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Ethene &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Ethyne",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c6a.jpg",
            "width": "420",
            "height": "182"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List four characteristics of homologous series. Draw the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide and cyclohexane (only structure).",
          "ans": "Four characteristics of homologous series are: <br/>(i) Same functional group <br/>(ii) Similar chemical properties <br/>(iii) Regular gradation in physical properties <br/>(iv) Successive members differ by – CH<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c7a.jpg",
            "width": "286",
            "height": "176"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name and draw the chain structure and dot structure of first two alkanes.",
          "ans": "(i) Methane &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Ethane",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c8a.jpg",
            "width": "525",
            "height": "90"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is meant by functional group in carbon compounds? Write in tabular form the structural formula and the functional group present in the following compounds: <br/>(i) Ethanol &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Ethanoic acid",
          "ans": "Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that is bonded to a carbon chain. It defines the chemical property of the organic compound.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c9a.jpg",
            "width": "557",
            "height": "94"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the names of the following:",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4c10.jpg",
            "width": "170",
            "height": "70"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c10a.jpg",
            "width": "304",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define the term isomers. Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and write their names. Give the electron dot structures of the above two compounds.",
          "ans": "The compounds that contain the same molecular formula but different structure are called isomers. The isomers of a compound have different physical properties.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c11a.jpg",
            "width": "310",
            "height": "175"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(a) Draw the structure for the following compounds: <br/>(i) 2-Bromopentane <br/>(ii) 2-Methyl propane <br/>(iii) Butanal <br/>(iv) 1-Hexyne <br/>(v) Draw the electron dot structure for ethanoic acid.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c12a.jpg",
            "width": "520",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the molecular, electronic and structural formulae of ethyne.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c13a.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "75"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the following: <br/>(i) CH<sub>3</sub>COOH is a weak acid. <br/>(ii) Propene undergoes addition reaction. <br/>(iii) The gas stove has inlets for air.",
          "ans": "(i) Since it does not get completely ionised, acetic acid is a weak acid. <br/>(ii) CH<sub>3</sub>—CH= CH<sub>2</sub> undergoes addition reaction because of the presence of a double bond. A double bond can be broken easily to form single bonds. <br/>(iii) Inlets of air ensure that sufficient oxygen is available for complete combustion of the fuel. If incomplete combustion takes place, the vessels would be blackened while cooking.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is meant by hydrogenation? With the help of a chemical equation, explain the role of this reaction in industry.",
          "ans": "<b>Hydrogenation:</b> The process in which unsaturated compounds react with hydrogen in the presence of nickel (as a catalyst) to form saturated compounds is called hydrogenation. This reaction is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. <br/>Vegetable oils have long unsaturated carbon chains, which are converted into vegetable ghee, i.e. saturated fatty acids.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c15a.jpg",
            "width": "290",
            "height": "65"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes. Name and draw the structure of one member of each. Alkanes generally burn with clean flame. Why?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c16a.jpg",
            "width": "570",
            "height": "260"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the following reactions with one example for each giving relavant chemical equations. <br/>(i) Hydrogenation reaction <br/>(ii) Oxidation reaction <br/>(iii) Substitution reaction </br>(iv) Combustion reaction <br/>(v) Saponification reaction",
          "ans": "(i) Hydrogenation reaction: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound is called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee is done in the presence of nickel catalyst.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c17a.jpg",
            "width": "565",
            "height": "310"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is an oxidising agent? What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol. Explain with the help of a chemical equation.",
          "ans": "It is a substance which can give oxygen to other substances. Propanol is oxidised to propanoic acid, when oxidising agent is added.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c18a.jpg",
            "width": "465",
            "height": "55"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Complete the following chemical equations: <br/>(i) 2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; <br/>(ii) CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; <br/>(iii) 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2Na &#x27F6;",
          "ans": "(i) 2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> &#x27F6; 2CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> <br/>(ii) CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> &#x27F6; CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O <br/>(iii) 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2Na &#x27F6; 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa + H<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are esters? How are they prepared? List two uses of esters.",
          "ans": "Esters are obtained from the carboxylic acid group by esterification reaction. The –OH group in an acid is replaced by –O– alkyl group to form an ester. <br/>Preparation: When carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst, esters are produced.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c20a.jpg",
            "width": "514",
            "height": "123"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write three different chemical reactions showing the conversion of ethanoic acid to sodium ethanoate. Write balanced chemical equation in each case. Write the name of the reactants and the products other than ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate in each case.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c21a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "175"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Complete the following chemical equations:<br/>(i) CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> + NaOH &#x27F6; <br/>(ii) CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOH &#x27F6;",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4c22.jpg",
            "width": "255",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c22a.jpg",
            "width": "410",
            "height": "80"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write chemical equation of the reaction of ethanoic acid with the following: <br/>(i) Sodium <br/>(ii) Sodium hydroxide <br/>(iii) Ethanol",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c23a.jpg",
            "width": "405",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are the following products obtained from ethanol? <br/>(i) Ethyl ethanoate <br/>(ii) Sodium ethoxide",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c24a.jpg",
            "width": "405",
            "height": "55"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Write chemical name and formula of vinegar. <br/>(ii) Describe with a chemical equation what happens when sodium reacts with ethanol. <br/>(i) Chemically, vinegar is 5–8% of acetic acid solution in water. <br/>Vinegar: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH <br/>(ii) When ethanol reacts with sodium, it gives sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.",
          "ans": "2CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + 2Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>ONa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; + H<sub>2</sub>↑ <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <sup>Ethanol &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sodium metal &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sodium ethoxide&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hydrogen gas</sup>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are soap molecules made up of?",
          "ans": "Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a structure of a micelle.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c27a.jpg",
            "width": "300",
            "height": "260"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are micelles oriented in water?",
          "ans": "The hydrophilic end of the micelle interacts with water, while the hydrophobic end interacts with hydrocarbons and stays out of water.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is scum?",
          "ans": "The reaction of soap with calcium and magnesium salts of hard water leaves behind an insoluble precipitate called scum.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne. Also draw its structural formula.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c30a.jpg",
            "width": "355",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the names of the following compounds:*",
          "ans": "(i) Pentanoic acid &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Butyne&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Heptanal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Pentanol",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 31,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4c31.jpg",
            "width": "495",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compounds.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 32,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch4c32.jpg",
            "width": "461",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c32a.jpg",
            "width": "540",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and an alcohol in presence of a few drops of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the names and structures of (i) carboxylic acid, (ii) alcohol and (iii) compound X. Also write the reaction.*",
          "ans": "(i) Carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid. <br/>(ii) Alcohol is ethanol. <br/>(iii) X is ethyl ethanoate.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 33,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c33a.jpg",
            "width": "440",
            "height": "40"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.*",
          "ans": "Ethanol on heating with excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 34,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c34a.jpg",
            "width": "330",
            "height": "40"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas evolved and also write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.*",
          "ans": "Gas evolved is hydrogen. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2CH<sub>3</sub> CH<sub>2</sub>OH + 2Na &#x27F6; 2CH<sub>3</sub> CH<sub>2</sub> O<sup>–</sub> Na<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 35,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443 K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid. What is the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical equation of this reaction.*",
          "ans": "Sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 36,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c36a.jpg",
            "width": "325",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the structural formulae of all the isomers of hexane.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 37,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4c37a.jpg",
            "width": "490",
            "height": "225"
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which property of carbon helps it in forming various compounds?",
          "ans": "Catenation",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What kind of bond does carbon form in organic compounds?",
          "ans": "Covalent bond (sharing of electrons)",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the electronic configuration of carbon?",
          "ans": "Electronic configuration of Carbon (6) = 2, 4",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How many electrons are shared in a single bond and in a double bond?",
          "ans": "Single bond: 2 electrons <br/>Double bond: 4 electrons",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the allotropes of carbon.",
          "ans": "Allotropes of carbon: Diamond, graphite and buckmisterfullerence",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which of the following belong to the same homologous series? <br/>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>",
          "ans": "C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub> and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> belong to same homologous series.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the difference between two consecutive members in a homologous series in alkanes in terms of <br/>(i) molecular mass? <br/>(ii) number of atoms of elements?",
          "ans": "Difference is <br/>(i) Molecular mass = 14 amu (ii) Number of atoms of elements = CH<sub>2</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write name and structure of an alcohol with three carbon atoms in its molecule.",
          "ans": "<b>Propanol:</b>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4d8a.jpg",
            "width": "130",
            "height": "60"
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>.",
          "ans": "Ten covalent bonds",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the functional group present in CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub> and write the name of its compound.",
          "ans": "Functional Group: Ketone <br/>Name of the Compound: Propanone",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name a functional group present in <br/>(i) CH<sub>3</sub>CHO &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH",
          "ans": "(i) CH<sub>3</sub>CHO – Aldehyde <br/>(ii) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH – Carboxylic acid",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the molecular formula of the following: <br/>(i) Hexane &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Benzene",
          "ans": "(i) Hexane – C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Benzene – C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the formula of functional group <br/>(i) aldehyde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) alcohol",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4d13a.jpg",
            "width": "220",
            "height": "55"
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Draw electron dot structure of nitrogen molecule.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch4d14a.jpg",
            "width": "70",
            "height": "45"
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the process by which unsaturated fats are changed to saturated fats.",
          "ans": "Hydrogenation",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "An organic compound burns with a sooty flame. Is it saturated or unsaturated compound? Justify.",
          "ans": "It is unsaturated compound because it has more carbon. It burns with sooty and smoky flame.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is combustion?",
          "ans": "Burning of an element in the presence of oxygen to give heat and light is called combustion.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are oxidising agents?",
          "ans": "The substances that are capable of adding oxygen to others are called oxidising agents.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give two examples of oxidising agents.",
          "ans": "Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why can saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction only in the presence of sunlight?",
          "ans": "This is because they are unreactive and inert in the presence of other reagents.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "(i) Why is ethanol used in making of tincture iodine, cough syrup, tonic, etc? <br/>(ii) What is the role of conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> in making ethane from ethanol?",
          "ans": "(i) Ethanol is a solvent used to make tincture iodine because the cell membrane of microorganisms is made up of lipids. Ethanol is a solvent which can dissolve the lipid easily and kill the microorganism that may be pathogenic. <br/>(ii) Concentrated sulphuric acid acts a dehydrating agent, i.e. removes water molecule from ethanol and also catalyses the reaction and converts ethanol to ethane.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is glacial acetic acid?",
          "ans": "Pure ethanoic acid that freezes in winter is called glacial acetic acid.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is a micelle?",
          "ans": "A cluster of soap molecules in water with a unique orientation is called a micelle.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the two ends of a soap molecule.",
          "ans": "Hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Saponification reaction is the reverse of which reaction?",
          "ans": "Esterification reaction",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why does the soap solution appear cloudy?",
          "ans": "Soap molecules scatter light and hence the solution appears cloudy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 26
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch4_co",
    "fib": "ch4_fib",
    "mcq": "ch4_mcq",
    "nf": "ch4_nf",
    "yn": "ch4_yn",
    "un": "ch4_un",
    "dtf": "ch4_dtf",
    "afq": "ch4_afq",
    "jtf": "ch4_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch4_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch4_ctco",
    "laq": "ch4_laq",
    "afow": "ch4_afow",
    "snc": "ch4_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch4_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch4_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch4_mtf",
    "saq": "ch4_saq",
    "cs": "ch4_cs",
    "map": "ch4_map",
    "gowf": "ch4_gowf",
    "tf": "ch4_tf",
    "grf": "ch4_grf",
    "arbq": "ch4_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch4_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch5",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The noble gas among the following is",
          "ans": "(a) Ar",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ar",
            "(b) K",
            "(c) Ca",
            "(d) Cl"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The law of traids was given by",
          "ans": "(d) Dobereiner",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Newlands’",
            "(b) Mendeleev",
            "(c) Moseley",
            "(d) Dobereiner"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The element having smallest atomic size is",
          "ans": "(d) Fluorine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nitrogen",
            "(b) Oxygen",
            "(c) Chlorine",
            "(d) Fluorine"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The law of octaves was applicable only up to",
          "ans": "(a) Ca",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ca",
            "(b) Cl",
            "(c) K",
            "(d) Ar"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Newlands’ law of octaves worked well with ______________________ elements only.",
          "ans": "(a) lighter",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) lighter",
            "(b) heavier",
            "(c) both light and heavy",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In Mendeleev’s periodic table the properties of elements are a periodic function of their",
          "ans": "(b) atomic mass.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) atomic size.",
            "(b) atomic mass.",
            "(c) ionisation energy.",
            "(d) atomic number."
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "How many elements were known when Mendeleev gave his periodic table?",
          "ans": "(d) 63",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 36",
            "(b) 56",
            "(c) 115",
            "(d) 63"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Mendeleev placed iron in:",
          "ans": "(b) group 8",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) group 3",
            "(b) group 8",
            "(c) group 7",
            "(d) group 1"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "According to Mendeleev’s periodic law, the elements were arranged in the periodic table in the order of",
          "ans": "(c) increasing atomic masses.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) increasing atomic number.",
            "(b) decreasing atomic number.",
            "(c) increasing atomic masses.",
            "(d) decreasing atomic masses."
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "On Mendeleev’s periodic table, gaps were left for the elements to be discovered later. Which of the following elements found a place in the periodic table later?",
          "ans": "(a) Germanium",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Germanium",
            "(b) Chlorine",
            "(c) Oxygen",
            "(d) Silicon"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements about the Modern Periodic Table is correct?",
          "ans": "(c) It has 18 vertical columns known as groups.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) It has 18 horizontal rows known as periods.",
            "(b) It has 7 vertical columns known as periods.",
            "(c) It has 18 vertical columns known as groups.",
            "(d) It has 7 horizontal rows known as groups."
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Where would you locate the elements with electronic configuration 2, 8 in the Modern Periodic Table?",
          "ans": "(c) Group 18",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Group 8",
            "(b) Group 2",
            "(c) Group 18",
            "(d) Group 10"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An element which is an essential constituent of all organic compounds belongs to",
          "ans": "(b) group 14.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) group 1.",
            "(b) group 14.",
            "(c) group 15.",
            "(d) group 16."
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following elements would lose an electron easily?",
          "ans": "(c) K",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mg",
            "(b) Na",
            "(c) K",
            "(d) Ca"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is the outermost shell for elements of period 2?",
          "ans": "(b) L shell",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) K shell",
            "(b) L shell",
            "(c) M shell",
            "(d) N shell"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The element with atomic number 14 is hard. It forms acidic oxide and a covalent halide. Which of the following categories does the element belong to?",
          "ans": "(b) Metalloid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Metal",
            "(b) Metalloid",
            "(c) Non-metal",
            "(d) Left-hand side element"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following does not increase while moving down the group of periodic table?",
          "ans": "(c) Valence Electrons",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Atomic radius",
            "(b) Metallic character",
            "(c) Valence Electrons",
            "(d) Number of shells in an element"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Up to which element, the Law of Octaves was found to be applicable?*",
          "ans": "(b) Calcium",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Oxygen",
            "(b) Calcium",
            "(c) Cobalt",
            "(d) Potassium"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "According to Mendeléev’s Periodic Law, the elements were arranged in the periodic table in the order of*",
          "ans": "(c) increasing atomic masses.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) increasing atomic number.",
            "(b) decreasing atomic number.",
            "(c) increasing atomic masses.",
            "(d) decreasing atomic masses."
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In Mendeléev’s Periodic Table, gaps were left for the elements to be discovered later. Which of the following elements found a place in the perioidc table later?*",
          "ans": "(a) Germanium",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Germanium",
            "(b) Chlorine",
            "(c) Oxygen",
            "(d) Silicon"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statement (s) about the Modern Periodic Table are incorrect.* <br/>(i) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged on the basis of their decreasing atomic number. <br/>(ii) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged on the basis of their increasing atomic masses. <br/>(iii) Isotopes are placed in adjoining group (s) in the Periodic Table. <br/>(iv) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged on the basis of their increasing atomic number.",
          "ans": "(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) only",
            "(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i), (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (iv) only"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the given elements A, B, C, D and E with atomic number 2, 3, 7, 10 and 30 respectively belong to the same period?*",
          "ans": "(b) B, C, D",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A, B, C",
            "(b) B, C, D",
            "(c) A, D, E",
            "(d) B, D, E"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The elements A, B, C, D and E have atomic number 9, 11, 17, 12 and 13 respectively. Which pair of elements belong to the same group?*",
          "ans": "(c) A and C",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A and B",
            "(b) B and D",
            "(c) A and C",
            "(d) D and E"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An element which is an essential constituent of all organic compounds belongs to*",
          "ans": "(b) group 14.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) group 1.",
            "(b) group 14.",
            "(c) group 15.",
            "(d) group 16."
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following elements exhibit maximum number of valence electrons?*",
          "ans": "(d) P",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Al",
            "(c) Si",
            "(d) P"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of the atomic radii of O, F and N?*",
          "ans": "(d) F, O, N",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) O, F, N",
            "(b) N, F, O",
            "(c) O, N, F",
            "(d) F, O, N"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following elements has the largest atomic radii?*",
          "ans": "(c) K",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) Mg",
            "(c) K",
            "(d) Ca"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following elements does not lose an electron easily?*",
          "ans": "(b) F",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Na",
            "(b) F",
            "(c) Mg",
            "(d) Al"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are the characteristics of isotopes of an element?* <br/>(i) Isotopes of an element have same atomic masses. <br/>(ii) Isotopes of an element have same atomic number. <br/>(iii) Isotopes of an element show same physical properties. <br/>(iv) Isotopes of an element show same chemical properties.",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i), (iii) and (iv)",
            "(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Arrange the following elements in the order of their decreasing metallic character.* <br/>Na, Si, Cl, Mg, Al",
          "ans": "(b) Na >Mg >Al >Si > Cl",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Cl > Si >Al > Mg >Na",
            "(b) Na >Mg >Al >Si > Cl",
            "(c) Na > Al > Mg > Cl > Si",
            "(d) Al > Na> Si > Ca> Mg"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Arrange the following elements in the order of their increasing non-metallic character.* <br/>Li, O, C, Be, F",
          "ans": "(b) Li < Be < C < O< F",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) F < O < C < Be < Li",
            "(b) Li < Be < C < O< F",
            "(c) F < O < C < Be < Li",
            "(d) F < O < Be < C < Li"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What type of oxide would Eka-aluminium form?*",
          "ans": "(c) E<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) EO<sub>3</sub>",
            "(b) E<sub>3</sub> O<sub>2</sub>",
            "(c) E<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub>",
            "(d) EO"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Three elements B, Si and Ge are* ",
          "ans": "(c) metalloids",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) metals",
            "(b) non-metals",
            "(c) metalloids",
            "(d) metal, non-metal and metalloid respectively"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following elements will form an acidic oxide?*",
          "ans": "(a) An element with atomic number 7.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) An element with atomic number 7.",
            "(b) An element with atomic number 3.",
            "(c) An element with atomic number 12.",
            "(d) An element with atomic number 19."
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following depict the correct representation of atomic radius(r) of an atom?*",
          "ans": "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch5a35.jpg",
            "width": "360",
            "height": "360"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "On moving from left to right in a period in the periodic table, the size of the atom*",
          "ans": "(b) decreases",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) increases",
            "(b) decreases",
            "(c) does not change appreciably",
            "(d) first decreases and then increases"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following sets of elements is written in order of their increasing metallic character?*",
          "ans": "(a) Be < Mg < Ca",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Be < Mg < Ca",
            "(b) Na < Li < K",
            "(c) Mg < Al < Si",
            "(d) C < O < N"
          ],
          "val": 37
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write advantages and disadvantages of Newlands’ law of Octaves and Dobereiner’s triads.",
          "ans": "<b>Newlands’ law of octaves: <br/>Advantages:</b> This classification showed that every eighth element was similar to first one if the elements were arranged in the increasing order of their atomic weights. <br/>The law provided the basis for arranging the similar elements in groups. <br/><b>Disadvantage:</b> Newlands’ arranged two elements in the same slot, but also put some unlike elements under the same note. For example, iron, which is similar to cobalt and nickel in properties, has been placed far away from these elements. <br><b>Dobereiner’s Triads: <br/>Advantage:</b> It showed that when three elements in a triad were written in the order of increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. This led to the earliest development of the periodic table of elements. <br/><b>Disadvantage:</b> Dobereiner could identify only three triads from the elements known at that time.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain Newlands’ law of Octaves.",
          "ans": "John Newlands’ arranged the then known elements in the order of increasing atomic masses. He started with the element having the lowest atomic mass (hydrogen) and ended at thorium which was the 56th element. He found that every eighth element had properties similar to that of the first. He compared this to the octaves found in music. The properties of lithium and sodium were found to be the same. Sodium is the eighth element after lithium. Similarly Beryllium and Magnesium resemble each other.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain Dobereiner’s triads and its properties.",
          "ans": "Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner identified some groups having three elements each. <br/>He called these groups ‘triads’. <br/>Dobereiner showed that when the three elements in a triad were written in the order of increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. <br/>For example, take the triad consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) with the respective atomic masses 6.9, 23.0 and 39.0. The average of atomic masses of Li and K is the atomic mass of Na.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What was the basis of Mendeleev’s classification of element? List two achievements of Mendeleev’s periodic table and list any two observations which posed a challenge to Mendeleev’s periodic law.",
          "ans": "Mendeleev’s classification of elements was based on the fundamental properties of the elements such as atomic mass and also the similarities of chemical properties. The two achievements of Mendeleev’s periodic classification are the following: <ul><li>He succeeded in classifying all the 63 elements known at his time.</li><li>He predicted existence of un-discovered elements and their properties.</li></ul>Two observations which pose challenge to Mendeleev’s periodic law:<ul><li> Isotopes could not be assigned a position on the table.</li><li>The position of hydrogen was uncertain as its properties match both alkali metals and halogen.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Discuss the major merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table.",
          "ans": "Merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table. <br/>(i) It made the study of the elements simple and systematic. <br/>(ii) Periodic table helped correcting the atomic masses of some of the elements because elements were arranged in order to their increasing atomic masses. <br/>(iii) At the time of Mendeleev’s periodic table, only 63 elements were known; while arranging the elements in groups and periods, certain gaps were left. These gaps represented some discovered elements. But the properties of these unknown elements could be predicted from the positions in the respective group. This later helped in the discovery of new elements.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What were the two major shortcomings of Mendeleev’s periodic table? How have these been removed in the modern periodic table?",
          "ans": "The shortcomings of Mendeleev’s periodic table are the following: <ul><li>The isotopes of an element required different positions in periodic table. </li><li>Some chemical similar elements have been separated and some dissimilar elements are placed together.</li></ul>In modern periodic table:<ul><li>Isotopes of an element occupy the same position because they have same atomic number.</li><li>The similar elements are grouped together and dissimilar elements are separated.</li><</ul>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Na, Mg and Al are the elements of the 3rd period of the modern periodic table having group number 1, 2 and 13, respectively. Which one of these elements has the <br/>(i) highest valency, <br/>(ii) largest atomic radius and <br/>(iii) maximum chemical reactivity? Justify your answer by writing the reason for each.",
          "ans": "(i) Highest valency",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch5b7a.jpg",
            "width": "560",
            "height": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Define the following terms: (a) valency and (b) atomic size. <br/>(ii) How do the valency and the atomic size of the elements vary while going from left to right along a period in the Modern Periodic Table?",
          "ans": "(i) (a) Valency: The combining power or the combining capacity of an atom is called its valency. <br/>(b) Atomic size: Atomic size or atomic radius is the distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outermost shell of an isolated atom. <br/>(ii) On moving from left to right in the periodic table, valency increases up to 4 and then decreases. <br/>The electron present in the last shell determines the valency of a particular element. <br/>If the number of valence electrons is less than or equal to 4, valency = number of valence electrons. <br/>If the number of valence electrons is more than 4, valency = 8-number of valence electrons. <br/>A tomic size decreases along a period. This is because on moving across a period, the number of valence shells remains the same and the electrons increase by one unit. As a result, the nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why is atomic number considered to be a more appropriate parameter than atomic mass for the classification of elements in a periodic table? How does the metallic character of elements vary as we move <br/>(i) from left to right in a period? <br/>(ii) top to bottom in a group in the Modern Periodic Table? Give reason to justify your answer.",
          "ans": "Atomic number is more appropriate parameter than atomic mass as atomic number determines the number of valence electrons which decides the chemical properties of an atom of an element. <br/>(i) Metallic character decreases from left to right in a period because the tendency to lose electrons decreases due to increased attraction between nucleus and valence electrons. <br/>(ii) Metallic character increases down the group, as the tendency to lose electrons increases, due to decreased attraction between nucleus and valence electrons because outermost electrons are farther away.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the names given to the vertical columns and horizontal rows in the Modern Periodic Table. <br/>(ii) How does the metallic character of elements vary on moving down a vertical column? <br/>(iii) How does the size of atomic radius vary on moving left to right in a horizontal row? Give reason in support of your answer in the above cases.",
          "ans": "(i) Vertical Column – Groups <br/>Horizontal Rows – Periods <br/>(ii) Metallic character increases. <br/><b>Reason:</b> Ability to lose electrons increases on moving down the group due to increase in distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons. This decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons. <br/>(iii) Atomic radius decreases. <br/><b>Reason:</b> The nuclear charge increases on moving from left to right across a period resulting in increase in the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) How does electronic configuration of atoms change in a period with increase in atomic number? <br/>(ii) Name the scientist who first of all showed that atomic number of an element is a more fundamental property than its atomic mass. <br/>(iii) The modern periodic table has been evolved through the attempts of Dobereiner, Newlands’ and Mendeleev. List one advantage and one limitation of all three attempts.",
          "ans": "(i) The number of shells remains the same; the number of valence electron goes on increasing from left to right in a period till octet is completed, e.g.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch5b11a.jpg",
            "width": "575",
            "height": "345"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain giving justification the trends in the following properties of elements on moving from left to right on a period, in the Modern Periodic Table: <br/>(i) Variation of valency <br/>(ii) Change of atomic radius <br/>(iii) Metallic to non-metallic character <br/>(iv) Electronegative character <br/>(v) Nature of oxides",
          "ans": "(i) Variation of valency &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; – Valency first increases, then decreases <br/>(ii) Change of atomic radius &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; – Decreases <br/>(iii) Metallic to non-metallic character &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; – Increases <br/>(iv) Electronegative character &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; – Increases <br/>(v) Nature of oxides  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; – Change from basic to acidic <br/>(i) Valency is the combining capacity of an element. Valence electrons are the number of electrons in the outermost shell; valency and valence electrons are same till the outermost electron is 4, but when it goes beyond 4, then the outermost electrons are subtracted from 8 and valency is determined. Thus, valency first increases along the period and then decreases. <br/>(ii) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear charge increases as the number of protons increases. This causes force of attraction between nucleus and the valence electron to increase. Therefore atomic radius decreases. <br/>(iii) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear charge increases as the number of protons increases. This causes force of attraction between nucleus and the valence electron to increases. Thus, it becomes difficult to lose electron across the period and metallic to non-metallic character increases. <br/>(iv) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear charge increases as the number of protons increases. This causes force of attraction between nucleus and the valence electron to increase. Hence the electron from the outermost orbit is difficult to remove as atomic size decreases. Therefore electonegativity increases. <br/>(v) Across the period the metallic to non-metallic character increases. So nature of oxide formation across the period changes from basic to acidic.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What were the limitations of Dobereiner’s classification?",
          "ans": "Dobereiner could identify only three triads from the elements known at that time. Hence, this system of classification into triads was not found to be useful.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give one characteristic of Newlands’ law of Octaves.",
          "ans": "Newlands’ law of Octaves characterises that every eighth element has the characteristic similar to that of first element.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is Newlands’ law is called law of Octaves?",
          "ans": "As in Newlands’ law every eighth element has characteristic similar to that of first element so, Newlands’ compared this to octaves found in music. Therefore, it is called the Law of Octaves.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give one characteristic of Dobereiner’s traids.",
          "ans": "After identification of groups having three elements, Dobereiner found/stated that the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of atomic mass of the other two elements.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Which was a major limitation of Mendeleev’s periodic table?",
          "ans": "He could not assign a fixed position to hydrogen in the periodic table.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What physical and chemical properties of elements were used by Mendeleev in creating a Periodic Table?",
          "ans": "He selected the compounds of the elements with oxygen and hydrogen and gave a table based upon atomic weights of the elements.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List two observation which posed challenge to Mendeleev’s periodic table.",
          "ans": "Limitations of Mendeleev’s classification: <br/>(i) The position of hydrogen was uncertain. <br/>(ii) The isotopes of elements could not be given proper position in the periodic table.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the main aim of classifying elements. <br/>(ii) Name the basic property of elements used in the development of Modern periodic table. <br/>(iii) State the modern periodic law. <br/>(iv) On which side (part) of the modern periodic table do you find metals, metalloids and non-metals.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Aim of Classification:</b> For systematic and simplified study of elements and their compounds. <br/>(ii) <b>Basic Property:</b< Atomic number <br/>(iii) <b>Modern Periodic Law:</b> The properties of elements are a periodic funciton of their atomic number.<br/>(iv) Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table, non-metals on the right side and metalloids in the middle of the periodic table in a zig zag manner between metals and non-metals and centre of the Modern Periodic Table.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are metalloids? Name any four metalloids.",
          "ans": "Borderline elements which are intermediate in properties between metals and non-metals are called metalloids. <br/>Boron, silicon, germanium and arsenic are metalloids.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List any two properties of the elements belonging to the first group of the modern periodic table.",
          "ans": "First group elements are also known as alkali metals. They have the following properties: <br/>(i) These elements exhibit +1 valency. <br/>(ii) These are very reactive as they are not found freely in nature.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Name the element with atomic number 17. <br/>(ii) Which period does it belong to? <br/>(iii) Which group does it belong to? <br/>(iv) Write its electronic configuration.",
          "ans": "(i) Chlorine <br/>(ii) 3<sup>rd</sup> period <br/>(iii) 17<sup>th</sup> group <br/>(iv) 2, 8, 7",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name any two elements of group one and write their electronic configurations. What similarities do you observe in their electronic configuration? Write the formula of oxide of any of the above said elements.",
          "ans": "(i) Two elements of group 1 are sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Electronic configuration: Na = 2, 8, 1; K = 2, 8, 8, 1 <br/>(ii) <b>Similarity:</b> Both have one valence electron/one electron in outermost shell.<br/>(iii) Oxide – Na<sub>2</sub>O/K<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "The position of eight elements in the modern periodic table is given below where atomic numbers of elements are given in the parenthesis.",
          "ans": "(i) Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2 <br/>(ii) Valence electrons in Rb = 1 <br/>(iii) Five <br/>(iv) Metal <br/>(v) Rb is biggest in size <br/>(vi) Be < Mg < Ca < Rb",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch5c13.jpg",
            "width": "545",
            "height": "265"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Electronegativity is the ease of gaining electrons. <br/>(i) Which type of elements will have high electronegativity? <br/>(ii) How does electronegativity change as we move (a) across a period and (b) down a group?",
          "ans": "(i) Non-metals <br/>(ii) (a) Increases <br/>(b) Decreases",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Elements have been arranged in the following sequence on the basis of their increasing atomic masses.* <br/>F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K <br/>(i) Pick two sets of elements which have similar properties. <br/>(ii) Which law of classification of elements is represented by the given sequence?",
          "ans": "(i) (a) F and Cl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Na and K. <br/>(ii) Newland’s law of octaves",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Can the following groups of elements be classified as Döbereiner’s triad?* <br/>(i) Na, Si, Cl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Be, Mg, Ca <br/>Atomic mass of Be 9; Na 23; Mg 24; Si 28; Cl 35; Ca 40 <br/>Explain by giving reason.",
          "ans": "(i) No, because all these elements do not have similar properties, although the atomic mass of silicon is average of atomic masses of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). <br/>(ii) Yes, because they have similar properties and the mass of magnesium (Mg) is roughly the average of the atomic mass of Be and Ca.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Three elements A, B and C have 3, 4 and 2 electrons respectively in their outermost shell. Give the group number to which they belong in the Modern Periodic Table. Also, give their valencies.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Element",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "A",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "B",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "C",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Group No.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Group-13",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Group-14",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Group-2",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [
            {
              "image": "Valency",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "3",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "4",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of their metallic character:* <br/>Mg, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ca, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; K, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ge, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ga",
          "ans": "Ge < Ga < Mg < Ca < K",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Properties of the elements are given below. Where would you locate the following elements in the periodic table?* <br/>(i) A soft metal stored under kerosene. <br/>(i) An element with variable (more than one) valency stored under water. <br/>(iii) An element which is tetravalent and forms the basis of organic chemistry. <br/>(iv) An element which is an inert gas with atomic number 2. <br/>(v) An element whose thin oxide layer is used to make other elements corrosion resistant by the process of anodising.",
          "ans": "(i) Sodium (Na) Group 1 and Period 3 or Potassium (K) Group 1 and Period 4 <br/>(ii) Phosphorus (P) Group 15 and Period 3 <br/>(iii) Carbon (C) Group 14 and Period 2 <br/>(iv) Helium (He) Group 18 and Period 1 <br/>(v) Aluminium (Al) Group 13 and Period 3",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why was the system of classification of elements into triads not found suitable?",
          "ans": "It is because all the elements discovered at that time could not be classified into triads.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Lithium, sodium and potassium form a Dobereiner’s triads. The atomic masses of lithium and potassium are 7 and 39 respectively. Predict the atomic mass of sodium.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch5d2a.jpg",
            "width": "265",
            "height": "45"
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the formula used to determine the maximum numbers of electrons which a shell in an atom can accommodate.",
          "ans": "2n<sup>2</sup>, where n is the number of shell.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give the elements of Dobereiner’s triads.",
          "ans": "Li &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ca &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cl <br/>Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Br <br/>K &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "In Mendeleev’s periodic table the elements are arranged in the increasing order of the atomic masses. However, Cobalt with atomic mass of 58.93 amu was placed before Nickel having atomic mass of 58.71 amu. Give reason for the same.",
          "ans": "This is because elements with similar properties were grouped together.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Besides gallium which other elements have since been discovered that were left by Mendeleev in his periodic table?",
          "ans": "Scandium and Germanium.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the formula of chlorides of Eka-silicon and Eka-aluminium the elements predicted by Mendeleev.",
          "ans": "GeCl<sub>4</sub> and GaCl<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the statement of Mendeleev’s periodic law.",
          "ans": "It states that the properties of element are the periodic function of their atomic masses.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How did Mendeleev arrange the elements with slight variation of atomic masses?",
          "ans": "Mendeleev had to place an element with a slightly greater atomic mass before an element with a slightly lower atomic mass. The sequence was inverted so that the elements with similar properties could be grouped together.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Who proposed Modern Periodic Law?",
          "ans": "Henry Moseley",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What was the basis of arranging the elements in Modern periodic table?",
          "ans": "Atomic number",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the Modern Periodic Law.",
          "ans": "<b>Modern Periodic Law:</b> Properties of elements are the periodic funciton of their atomic numbers.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give an example of <br/>(i) A metal that is liquid at room temperature. <br/>(ii) A non-metal that is liquid at room temperature.",
          "ans": "(i) Mercury <br/>(ii) Bromine",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "On which side of the periodic table do you find (i) metals and (ii) non-metals?",
          "ans": "Metals are placed on the left side while non-metals are placed on the right side of the periodic table.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        }
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    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch5_co",
    "fib": "ch5_fib",
    "mcq": "ch5_mcq",
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    "cbq": "ch5_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch6",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 6 - Life Processes",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Movements over very small scale will be invisible to the naked eye, e.g. movements of",
          "ans": "(d) all of these",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) molecules",
            "(b) atoms",
            "(c) microorganisms",
            "(d) all of these"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ do not show any molecular movement in them until they infect some cell.",
          "ans": "(a) Virus",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Virus",
            "(b) Protozoa",
            "(c) Fungi",
            "(d) Amoeba"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is needed for maintenance processes in the body.",
          "ans": "(a) Energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Energy",
            "(b) Glucose",
            "(c) Sugar",
            "(d) Food"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Life on the earth depends on __________ based molecules.",
          "ans": "(b) carbon",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hydrogen",
            "(b) carbon",
            "(c) nitrogen",
            "(d) phosphorous"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ and __________ reactions are some of the most common chemical reactions needed to break down molecules.",
          "ans": "(a) Oxidising and reducing",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Oxidising and reducing",
            "(b) Acid and base",
            "(c) Fermentation and pasteurisation",
            "(d) Biological and chemical"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and using it in the process of breakdown of food sources for cellular needs, is what we call",
          "ans": "(c) respiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) digestion",
            "(b) excretion",
            "(c) respiration",
            "(d) assimilation"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a single-celled organism, no specific organs for taking in food, exchange of gases or removal of waste may be needed as",
          "ans": "(a) the entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment.",
            "(b) the organism does not need food.",
            "(c) both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Why does not diffusion meet the requirements of all cells?",
          "ans": "(d) Both (a) and (b).",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) This is because all the cells are not in contact with environment.",
            "(b) This is because only the surface cells are in contact of environment.",
            "(c) This is because no life processes occur in multicellular organisms.",
            "(d) Both (a) and (b)."
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is needed to maintain the state of order of our body even when our body is in rest position.",
          "ans": "(b) Nutrition",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Energy",
            "(b) Nutrition",
            "(c) Raw materials",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Organisms use simple food material obtained from inorganic sources in the form of carbon dioxide and water; these organisms are called",
          "ans": "(a) autotrophs",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) autotrophs",
            "(b) heterotrophs",
            "(c) enzymes",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "To break down complex substances into simpler one, organisms use bio-catalyst called",
          "ans": "(a) enzymes",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) enzymes",
            "(b) phagocytes",
            "(c) bacteria",
            "(d) fungi"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organisms are fulfilled by __________.",
          "ans": "(c) photosynthesis",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) transpiration",
            "(b) transportation",
            "(c) photosynthesis",
            "(d) nutrition"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants prepare food in the form of __________ from CO<sub>2</sub> and __________.",
          "ans": "(a) carbohydrates and water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbohydrates and water",
            "(b) glucose and sugar",
            "(c) water and fats",
            "(d) proteins and amino acids"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Photosynthesis occurs in two phases __________ and __________ reactions.",
          "ans": "(c) dark and light",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) bright and black",
            "(b) morning and night",
            "(c) dark and light",
            "(d) white and dark"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The term dark reaction means this reaction is not dependent on",
          "ans": "(c) light",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) N<sub>2</sub>",
            "(b) O<sub>2</sub>",
            "(c) light",
            "(d) atmosphere"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Mode of nutrition in animals is heterotrophic which may be",
          "ans": "(a) holozoic",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) holozoic",
            "(b) saprozoic",
            "(c) both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Digestion may be _______________ or ___________.",
          "ans": "(a) intracellular or intercellular",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) intracellular or intercellular",
            "(b) inside of tissue or out of tissue",
            "(c) intradermal or intramuscular",
            "(d) interdermis or in muscularis"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ canal along with __________ glands takes part in __________ digestion.",
          "ans": "(d) Alimentary, associated, intercellular",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Alimentary, associated, extracellular",
            "(b) Food, dissociated, intercellular",
            "(c) Oesophagus, associated, intracellular",
            "(d) Alimentary, associated, intercellular"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements about autotrophs is incorrect?",
          "ans": "(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) They synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.",
            "(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch.",
            "(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.",
            "(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains."
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which is the correct sequence of parts in human alimentary canal?",
          "ans": "(d) Mouth ⇒ oesophagus ⇒ stomach ⇒ small intestine ⇒ large intestine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mouth ⇒ stomach ⇒ small intestine ⇒ oesophagus ⇒ large intestine",
            "(b) Mouth ⇒ oesophagus ⇒ stomach ⇒ large intestine ⇒ small intestine",
            "(c) Mouth ⇒ stomach ⇒ oesophagus ⇒ small intestine ⇒ large intestine",
            "(d) Mouth ⇒ oesophagus ⇒ stomach ⇒ small intestine ⇒ large intestine"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which part of the alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?",
          "ans": "(b) Small intestine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Stomach",
            "(b) Small intestine",
            "(c) Large intestine",
            "(d) Oesophagus"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally digested?",
          "ans": "(c) Small intestine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Stomach",
            "(b) Mouth cavity",
            "(c) Small intestine",
            "(d) Large intestine"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from __________.",
          "ans": "(a) water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) water",
            "(b) chlorophyll",
            "(c) carbon dioxide",
            "(d) glucose"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is a sheet of muscular tissue separating the thorax from the abdomen and it also aids in breathing?",
          "ans": "(a) lungs",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) lungs",
            "(b) alveoli",
            "(c) diaphragm",
            "(d) thorax"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following are small air sacs inside the lungs through the walls of which gaseous exchange takes place between blood and air?",
          "ans": "(b) alveoli",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) nephron",
            "(b) alveoli",
            "(c) bronchi",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The voice box and the enlarged part of trachea is called __________.",
          "ans": "(a) larynx",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) larynx",
            "(b) thorax",
            "(c) diaphragm",
            "(d) lungs"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in",
          "ans": "(b) mitochondria",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cytoplasm",
            "(b) mitochondria",
            "(c) chloroplast",
            "(d) nucleus"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The energy liberated during respiration is commonly trapped in the form of __________ molecules.",
          "ans": "(a) ATP",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ATP",
            "(b) ADP",
            "(c) both",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "_____________ is a type of respiration in which organic food is completely oxidised with the help of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.",
          "ans": "(b) Aerobic respiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Anaerobic respiration",
            "(b) Aerobic respiration",
            "(c) Cellular respiration",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "_____________ is a type of respiration which involves enzymatically controlled stepwise incomplete degradation of organic food, releasing energy without oxygen being used as oxidant.",
          "ans": "(a) Anaerobic respiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Anaerobic respiration",
            "(b) Aerobic respiration",
            "(c) Cellular respiration",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> &#x27F6; 2CO<sub>2</sub> + 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + Energy <br/>What type of respiration occurs in this equation?",
          "ans": "(a) Anaerobic respiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Anaerobic respiration",
            "(b) Aerobic respiration",
            "(c) Cellular respiration",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell is called _____________.",
          "ans": "(a) cellular respiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cellular respiration",
            "(b) anaerobic respiration",
            "(c) both",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In humans the respiratory pigment __________ carries oxygen from lungs to different tissues of the body.",
          "ans": "(a) haemoglobin",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) haemoglobin",
            "(b) hemazoin",
            "(c) (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The circulation in which blood moves from heart into lungs and back to heart is called",
          "ans": "(a) pulmonary circulation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) pulmonary circulation",
            "(b) systemic circulation",
            "(c) double circulation",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The circulation in which blood moves from heart into rest of the body and back to heart is called",
          "ans": "(b) systemic circulation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(b) pulmonary circulation",
            "(b) systemic circulation",
            "(c) double circulation",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pulmonary veins carry ______________ from lungs to heart.",
          "ans": "(a) oxygenated blood",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) oxygenated blood",
            "(b) deoxygenated blood",
            "(c) impure blood",
            "(d) pure blood"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pulmonary arteries carry ______________ from heart to lungs.",
          "ans": "(b) deoxygenated blood",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) oxygenated blood",
            "(b) deoxygenated blood",
            "(c) impure blood",
            "(d) pure blood"
          ],
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "It is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant.",
          "ans": "(a) Transpiration",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Transpiration",
            "(b) Translocation",
            "(c) Transportation",
            "(d) Transformation"
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "There are two conducting channels in _____________ called xylem and phloem.",
          "ans": "(c) vascular plants",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) vasomotor bundles",
            "(b) vascular bundles",
            "(c) vascular plants",
            "(d) both (b) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "7. What prevents the backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?",
          "ans": "(a) Valves in heart",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Valves in heart",
            "(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles",
            "(c) Thick walls of atria",
            "(d) All of these"
          ],
          "val": 40
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The blood leaving the tissue becomes richer in the presence of ______________.",
          "ans": "(a) carbon dioxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbon dioxide",
            "(b) water",
            "(c) haemoglobin",
            "(d) oxygen"
          ],
          "val": 41
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Excretion in amoeba takes place through",
          "ans": "(b) diffusion",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) transpiration",
            "(b) diffusion",
            "(c) dialysis",
            "(d) nephridium"
          ],
          "val": 42
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Urine contains waste in the form of",
          "ans": "(a) uric acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) uric acid",
            "(b) nitric acid",
            "(c) hydrochloric aid",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 43
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Selective reabsorption of salts and ions takes place in",
          "ans": "(d) nephron",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) stomach",
            "(b) small intestine",
            "(c) large intestine",
            "(d) nephron"
          ],
          "val": 44
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The tubule that carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder is",
          "ans": "(c) ureter",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) intestine",
            "(b) nephron",
            "(c) ureter",
            "(d) renal artery"
          ],
          "val": 45
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Blood is brought into kidneys for filtration by",
          "ans": "(b) renal artery",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) vena cava",
            "(b) renal artery",
            "(c) pulmonary artery",
            "(d) pulmonary vein"
          ],
          "val": 46
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the body and absorbed?*",
          "ans": "(b) Yeast, Mushroom, Bread Mould",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mushroom, Green Plants, Amoeba",
            "(b) Yeast, Mushroom, Bread Mould",
            "(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta",
            "(d) Cuscuta, Lice, Tapeworm"
          ],
          "val": 47
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the correct statement.*",
          "ans": "(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food.",
            "(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for photosynthesis.",
            "(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food.",
            "(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates."
          ],
          "val": 48
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected?*",
          "ans": "(b) Starch breaking down into sugars",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids",
            "(b) Starch breaking down into sugars",
            "(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol ",
            "(d) Absorption of vitamins"
          ],
          "val": 49
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following protects the inner lining of stomach from hydrochloric acid?*",
          "ans": "(b) Mucus",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pepsin",
            "(b) Mucus",
            "(c) Salivary amylase",
            "(d) Bile"
          ],
          "val": 50
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. This indicates that rice water contains*",
          "ans": "(d) starch",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) complex proteins",
            "(b) simple proteins",
            "(c) fats",
            "(d) starch"
          ],
          "val": 51
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following:*",
          "ans": "(d) trypsin digests proteins while lipase digests emulsified fats",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) trypsin digests proteins while lipase digests carbohydrates",
            "(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats while lipase digests proteins",
            "(c) both trypsin and lipase digest fats",
            "(d) trypsin digests proteins while lipase digests emulsified fats"
          ],
          "val": 52
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When air is blown from mouth into a test tube containing lime water, the lime water turns milky due to the presence of*",
          "ans": "(b) carbon dioxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) oxygen",
            "(b) carbon dioxide",
            "(c) nitrogen",
            "(d) water vapour"
          ],
          "val": 53
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6a54d.jpg",
            "width": "510",
            "height": "29"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch6a54a.jpg",
            "ch6a54b.jpg",
            "ch6a54c.jpg",
            "ch6a54d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 54
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6a55d.jpg",
            "width": "550",
            "height": "29"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch6a55a.jpg",
            "ch6a55b.jpg",
            "ch6a55c.jpg",
            "ch6a55d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 55
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is (are) true about respiration?* <br/>(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised. <br/>(ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place, i.e. oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air. <br/>(iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen. <br/>(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases.",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iv)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 56
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?*",
          "ans": "(d) Nostrils &#x27F6; pharynx &#x27F6; larynx &#x27F6; trachea &#x27F6; alveoli",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nostrils &#x27F6; larynx &#x27F6; pharynx &#x27F6; trachea &#x27F6; lungs",
            "(b) Nasal &#x27F6; passage &#x27F6; trachea &#x27F6; pharynx &#x27F6; larynx &#x27F6;alveoli",
            "(c) larynx &#x27F6; nostrils &#x27F6; pharynx &#x27F6; lungs",
            "(d) Nostrils &#x27F6; pharynx &#x27F6; larynx &#x27F6; trachea &#x27F6; alveoli"
          ],
          "val": 57
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "During respiration exchange of gases takes place in*",
          "ans": "(b) alveoli of lungs",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) trachea and larynx",
            "(b) alveoli of lungs",
            "(c) alveoli and throat",
            "(d) throat and larynx"
          ],
          "val": 58
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is (are) true about heart?* <br/>(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body, while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from lungs. <br/>(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts, while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. <br/>(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body parts. <br/>(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body, while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i)",
            "(b) (ii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 59
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Single circulation, i.e. blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the body, is exhibited by*",
          "ans": "(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander",
            "(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas",
            "(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco",
            "(d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle"
          ],
          "val": 60
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body?*",
          "ans": "(d) Pisces only",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pisces and amphibians",
            "(b) Amphibians and reptiles",
            "(c) Amphibians only",
            "(d) Pisces only"
          ],
          "val": 61
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the correct statement that describes arteries.*",
          "ans": "(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under high pressure; collect blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart",
            "(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows under low pressure and carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body",
            "(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body",
            "(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body."
          ],
          "val": 62
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The filtration units of kidneys are called*",
          "ans": "(d) nephron",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ureter",
            "(b) urethra",
            "(c) neuron",
            "(d) nephron"
          ],
          "val": 63
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in*",
          "ans": "(a) carbon dioxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbon dioxide",
            "(b) water",
            "(c) heamoglobin",
            "(d) oxygen"
          ],
          "val": 64
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is an incorrect statement?*",
          "ans": "(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Organisms grow with time.",
            "(b) Organisms must repair and maintain their structure.",
            "(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells.",
            "(d) Energy is essential for life processes."
          ],
          "val": 65
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs is*",
          "ans": "(c) starch",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) glycogen",
            "(b) protein",
            "(c) starch",
            "(d) fatty acid"
          ],
          "val": 66
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?*",
          "ans": "(c) 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O",
            "(b) 6CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + Sunlight &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O",
            "(c) 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O",
            "(d) 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O"
          ],
          "val": 67
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the event that does not occur in photosynthesis.*",
          "ans": "(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll",
            "(b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates",
            "(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide",
            "(d) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy"
          ],
          "val": 68
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon*",
          "ans": "(c) water in guard cells",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) oxygen",
            "(b) temperature",
            "(c) water in guard cells",
            "(d) concentration of CO2 in stomata"
          ],
          "val": 69
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen.* <br/>(i) Proteins <br/>(ii) Nitrates and Nitrites <br/>(iii) Urea <br/>(iv) Atmospheric nitrogen",
          "ans": "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 70
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract?*",
          "ans": "(c) Amylase",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pepsin",
            "(b) Cellulase",
            "(c) Amylase",
            "(d) Trypsin"
          ],
          "val": 71
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is (are) correct?* <br/>(i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast. <br/>(ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria. <br/>(iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria. <br/>(iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration.",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 72
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This results due to*",
          "ans": "(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol",
            "(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose",
            "(c) non-conversion of glucose to pyruvate",
            "(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid"
          ],
          "val": 73
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the correct path of urine in our body.*",
          "ans": "(c) kidney &#x27F6; ureters &#x27F6; urinary &#x27F6; bladder &#x27F6; urethra",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) kidney &#x27F6; ureter &#x27F6; urethra &#x27F6; urinary &#x27F6; bladder",
            "(b) kidney &#x27F6; urinary &#x27F6; bladder &#x27F6; urethra &#x27F6; ureter",
            "(c) kidney &#x27F6; ureters &#x27F6; urinary &#x27F6; bladder &#x27F6; urethra",
            "(d) urinary &#x27F6; bladder &#x27F6; kidney &#x27F6; ureter &#x27F6; urethra"
          ],
          "val": 74
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the*",
          "ans": "(a) cytoplasm",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cytoplasm",
            "(b) chloroplast",
            "(c) mitochondria",
            "(d) Golgi body"
          ],
          "val": 75
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Fill in the blanks.",
          "qus": "_____CO<sub>2</sub> + _____H<sub>2</sub>O &#x27F6; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub> O<sub>6</sub> + _____O<sub>2</sub> + _____H<sub>2</sub>O (complete the equation)",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "FIB",
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6b1a.jpg",
            "width": "560",
            "height": "50"
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Fill in the blanks.",
          "qus": "__________ is an organism that cannot synthesise its own organic nutritive substances and feed on nutrients synthesised by autotrophs.",
          "ans": "Heterotroph",
          "code": "FIB",
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Fill in the blanks.",
          "qus": "Digestion is intracellular in organism such as __________.",
          "ans": "amoeba",
          "code": "FIB",
          "val": 3
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen needs of multicellular organisms like humans?",
          "ans": "In multicellular organisms the cells are not in direct contact with the outside environment. So absorption of raw materials by diffusion isn’t possible. <br/>Since we have a complex body design, the slow process of diffusion would not supply enough oxygen to the cells rapidly. <br/>Hence, multicellular organisms have a highly developed respiratory organ system to meet the daily oxygen requirements.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced? Why is it called so?",
          "ans": "The energy currency of living organisms is ATP–Adenosine Triphosphate. <br/>It is prod uced in the mitochondria during respiration and also in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is the immediate energy source for all the life processes of a living organism. When energy is released by breakdown of glucose, ADP is converted into ATP.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Mention the organ and the site of photosynthesis in green plants. What are the raw materials essential in this process? <br/>How are they obtained? Write complete balanced equation for this process. Name the by-products.",
          "ans": "Photosynthesis takes place in the grana and stroma of the chloroplast in green plants. <br/>The raw materials required for this process are carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through stomata and cells of the roots absorb water from the soil. <br/>Balanced equation for photosynthesis",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6c3a.jpg",
            "width": "320",
            "height": "60"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Describe the process of nutrition in amoeba with the help of a diagram. How does paramecium obtain its food?",
          "ans": "Protozoans like amoeba capture food with the help of temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia. As soon as amoeba comes in contact with a food particle or prey, it forms a food vacuole around the food. Inside the food vacuole, the complex food material is broken down into simpler substances which then diffuse into cytoplasm.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6c4a.jpg",
            "width": "565",
            "height": "160"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "List the components of alimentary canal and write functions of each.",
          "ans": "<b>Mouth:</b> In mouth, teeth bite, tear, chew and grind the food. Food is mixed thoroughly with saliva secreted by salivary glands, with the help of muscular tongue. An enzyme called salivary amylase present in saliva acts upon the starch of food. <br/>Oesophagus: It is about 25 cm long muscular tube which passes food from mouth to stomach by its peristaltic movements. <br/><b>Stomach:</b> It contains gastric glands in its wall that secrete gastric juice, hydrochloric acid and mucus. Stomach stores food and mixes gastric juice with it. Hydrochloric acid makes the food acidic; it destroys the bacteria present in the food. Mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of HCl. Pepsin digest proteins. <br/><b>Small intestine:</b> It is a long and coiled tube. It is the place of complete digestion of food. It receives secretions from pancreas and liver. It has many finger-like projections called villi for the absorption of food. The unabsorbed food is passed to large intestine. In small intestine, bile juice secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder makes the medium alkaline for the action of enzymes of pancreas and intestines for the emulsification of fats and protein digestion. Lipase acts on emulsified fats and breaks them into glycerol. <br/><b>Large intestine:</b> It is a long and wide tube. It opens outside through anus. Digestion of food in different parts of the alimentary canal takes place by secretion of digestive glands. In the large intestine, water from the undigested food is absorbed and the rest waste materials are removed from body through anus.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis.",
          "ans": "<b>Mechanism of photosynthesis: </b><br/>There are three steps involved in the process of photosynthesis. <br/>(i) Absorption of ligh t energy by chlorophyll. This helps in the formation of energy-rich ATP molecule. <br/>(ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen thus produced is released into the atmosphere as the by-product of photosynthesis. <br/>(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Carbon dioxide is converted into glucose by using ATP.<br/>These steps don’t necessarily occur one after the other.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the functions of liver and pancreas?",
          "ans": "<b>Functions of liver: </b><br/>(i) It produces bile that aids in the digestion of food. It helps to provide an alkaline medium in the intestine for the enzymes to work. <br/>(ii) It helps in the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. <br/>(iii) It helps in the removal of toxins and drugs from the body. <br/><b>Functions of pancreas:</b><br/>(i) Pancreas regulates the blood sugar level with the help of the hormone insulin. <br/>(ii) It aids in the synthesis of fats. <br/>(iii) It releases digestive enzymes to help in the digestion of food after leaving the stomach.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas and also state the way in which the gas is evolved. And in certain groups of plants stomata remain closed during day. How is food synthesised by such plants? Also name them.",
          "ans": "<b>Oxygen:</b> This gas is released by splitting of water.<br/>Below is the chemical equation to explain the reaction:",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6b8a.jpg",
            "width": "570",
            "height": "120"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the activity with diagram to show that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.",
          "ans": "(i) Take two healthy potted plants which are nearly the same size. <br/>(ii) Keep them in a dark room for three days to destarch them. <br/>(iii) Now place each plant on separate glass plates. Place a watch glass containing potassium hydroxide by the side of one of the plants. Now, use the bell jars to cover both the plants. The potassium hydroxide is used to absorb CO2. Seal the bell jars to the glass plates using vaseline to make the airtight set-up. Keep the plants in sunlight for two hours. Pluck a leaf from both plants and test them for the presence of starch. When the leaves of both the plants were tested for starch, it was found that the leaves of the plant kept in bell jar, which was without potassium hydroxide, gave the positive test of starch. This shows that CO2 is essential for photosynthesis.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Label the diagram where indicated: Waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, opening of stomata, guard cells, lower epidermis, air space, chloroplast, phloem, xylem, vascular bundles, midrib, vein, lamina.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch6b10.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "331"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6b10a.jpg",
            "width": "397",
            "height": "281"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Label the diagram where indicated: Small intestine, anus, appendix, stomach, large intestine, liver, tongue, gall bladder, diaphragm, bile duct, buccal cavity, pancreas.",
          "ans": "",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch6b11.jpg",
            "width": "179",
            "height": "265"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6b11a.jpg",
            "width": "350",
            "height": "270"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw the human respiratory system and label it. Explain what is the advantage of residual volume of air in lungs, during breathing cycle.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6c12a.jpg",
            "width": "555",
            "height": "230"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the reaction that occurs when glucose breaks down anaerobically in yeast. And also name the respiratory pigment and write its role in respiration in human beings.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6c13a.jpg",
            "width": "540",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6c14a.jpg",
            "width": "490",
            "height": "210"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write a note on mechanism of clotting.",
          "ans": "(i) In a situation when we are injured and bleeding starts, the loss of blood would lead to loss of pressure and would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. <br/>(ii) To avoid this, the blood platelets plug this leak by helping in clotting of the blood at the point of injury. </br>(iii) Anenzyme thromboplastin helps to form a meshwork of fibrin which entangles the blood corpuscles and transforms the liquid blood into a clot.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the composition of blood.",
          "ans": "Blood is a connective tissue whose main components are red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles, plasma and platelets. <br/>(i) Red blood cells: They contain a red coloured respiratory pigment called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen. It combines with oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin, which helps to transport oxygen to and from various tissues and organs. <br/>(ii) White blood cells: They ar e colourless as they do not contain any pigment. They act as a defense mechanism for our body and increase our immunity. They help to kill the disease-causing foreign microbes that enter into our body. <br/>(iii) Blood plasma: It is the pale yellow, transparent component of blood. It contains proteins, nutrients and enzymes. <br/>(iv) Platelets: They protect the body at the time of injury by helping in clotting of blood. They trap the RBCs and prevent further loss of blood from the leak.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?",
          "ans": "<b>Excretion in plant. </b><br/>(i) Oxygen which is a waste product of photosynthesis is given out through leaves. <br/>(ii) Excess water is removed by transpiration. <br/>(iii) Dead cells of bark and leaves are removed by the plants, which fall off from time to time. <br/>(iv) Some waste products are removed as resins and gums, which are stored in old xylem tissues. <br/>(v) Some waste is also removed by plants into the surrounding soil.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephron in the kidneys with respect to their structure and function.",
          "ans": "(i) Alveoli in the lungs are responsible for the removal of CO2 from the blood. <br/>Nephron is the basic filtration unit of the kidney, which removes wastes like urea and uric acid from the blood, in the form of urine. <br/>(ii) Alveoli possess an extensive network of blood capillaries, which aid in gaseous exchange. This removes CO2 from the blood and enriches it with oxygen. <br/>Nephron possesses a cluster of capillaries which filters out nitrogenous wastes from the blood. Blood capillaries also provide a large surface area needed for the removal of wastes. <br/>(iii) Both alveoli and nephron are responsible for the purification of blood circulating in the human body. They remove gaseous wastes and liquid waste from our body.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Describe the structure and functioning of a nephron with a neat labelled diagram.",
          "ans": "(i) Nephron is the basic filtration unit of kidneys. Each kidney contains large number of such nephrons packed close together. <br/>(ii) Each nephron consists of a cluster of capillaries called glomerulus, within a cup-shaped end of a coiled tube called the Bowman’s capsule. The Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate of the blood passing through the glomerulus. This is called ultrafiltration. <br/>(iii) Some substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along the tube. This is called selective reabsorption and it happens in the coiled portion of the nephron, called the Henle’s loop. <br/>(iv) The urine thus formed then enters a long tube called the ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder. <br/>(v) Urine is stored in the bladder till the pressure is built up and there is an urge to urinate.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch6c19.jpg",
            "width": "245",
            "height": "265"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Diffusion is insufficient to meet O2 requirements of multicellular organisms like humans. Explain.",
          "ans": "In multicellular organisms, all the cells of a body may not be in direct contact with the source of oxygen, i.e. the environment. Thus, simple diffusion will not be enough to meet the oxygen requirements of all the cells. These organisms require specialised organs to meet the O<sub>2</sub> requirements of their cells.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List the raw materials used by the organisms to survive.",
          "ans": "(i) Food = It is the source of energy. <br/>(ii) Oxygen = It is required for breaking carbon-based molecules to liberate energy in the body. <br/>(iii) Water = It is required for proper digestion of food and other functions in the body.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List the processes in multicellular animals that are essential for maintaining the life.",
          "ans": "(i) Nutrition (ii) Respiration (iii) Transportation (iv) Excretion",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are peristaltic movements? Where do they occur?",
          "ans": "The lining of alimentary canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order to push the food forward. These are peristaltic movements. <br/>They occur in oesophagus, stomach and intestine.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the necessary condition(s) for autotrophic nutrition and name the by-products. Mention the source of this byproduct.",
          "ans": "The conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water. The by-products are carbohydrates, in the form of starch and oxygen. The source of by-product is water.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Describe the heterotrophic mode of nutrition and give examples. Name the three types of this nutrition.",
          "ans": "It is the mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food and depends on other organisms for food. All the animals including man, most bacteria and some fungi have heterotrophic mode of nutrition and these organisms are called heterotrophs. The three types of this nutrition are holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay. Explain why. What is the role of toothpaste in preventing cavities?",
          "ans": "Sweet tooth leads to tooth decay due to the action of bacteria on food particles remaining in the mouth that form acid. The pH of the mouth falls below 5.5 and the tooth enamel dissolves resulting in cavity. Toothpastes are generally basic; they neutralise the excess acid produced in the mouth and prevent tooth decay.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the different glands associated with the digestive system in humans. Also name their secretions.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "          ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(1)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(2)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(3)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(4)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(5)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Name of the glands",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Salivary glands",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Gastric glands",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Liver",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Intestinal glands",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Pancreas",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [
            {
              "image": "Name of secretion",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Saliva contains enzyme, Salivary amylase",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Secretes gastric juice, HCl, mucus, pepsin",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Bile juice",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Intestinal juice",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Pancreatic juice which contain trypsin, lipase and amylase",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Pancreatic juice which contain trypsin, lipase and amylase",
          "ans": "<b>Small intestine:</b> It is the unit for complete digestion of various components of food. Secretion from liver and pancreas mix with food. Pancreatic enzymes make it alkaline. Bile juice from liver too helps in it. Bile salts break the fat present in the form of large globules into smaller ones, increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. Enzymes like trypsin digests protein and lipase breaks down fats. Intestinal juice converts proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrate into glucose and fat into fatty acids and glycerol.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In the inner side of small intestine, there are numerous type of projections. What are they called? List their functions.",
          "ans": "They are called villi. <br/>(i) Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body. <br/>(ii) These also absorb water. <br/>(iii) These increase the surface area for the absorption of food.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List the role of each of the following in the digestive system. (i) Muscles of the stomach wall, (ii) Hydrochloric acid and (iii) Mucus.",
          "ans": "(i) These help in mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive juice by peristalsis. <br/>(ii) It creates an acidic medium, which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin. <br/>(iii) It protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the role of bile juice in digestion of food. Mention the purpose of making urine.",
          "ans": "The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzyme to act. Bile juice accomplishes this. Bile salts break down larger globules of fats into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. <br/>The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the blood.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write a note on saprophytic nutrition.",
          "ans": "In this, organisms release some juices to soften and digest the food and then absorbs the nutrients. Thus, they decompose the dead organic matter into simpler substances. Fungi like yeast, mould and many bacteria have saprophytic nutrition. The saprophytic mode of nutrition can best be exemplified by the common bread mould called Rhizopus. It converts the complex organic food materials of bread that is starch into soluble sugar with the help of starch–digesting enzymes. This sugar is absorbed by the body surface and used by fungus for various activities.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What do you understand by the parasitic nutrition?",
          "ans": "In this, an organism depends upon the other organism for its nutritional requirements. Many bacteria, virus, fungi, some non-green plants and many animals have this mode of nutrition. <br/>For example, a fungus Puccinia is a parasite on wheat and barberry plants, Cuscuta or dodder plants grow as a parasite and roundworms are parasite found in the body of man, etc.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?",
          "ans": "(i) Saliva lubricates the food and facilitate mastication. <br/>(ii) Saliva binds the food molecules together. <br/>(iii) Saliva contains ptyalin enzyme which acts on starch, glycogen and other carbohydrates to form maltose.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is function of digestive enzymes?",
          "ans": "<b>Role of digestive enzymes.</b> These enzymes convert the non-diffusible form of food into diffusible form. <br/>(i) Ptyalin enzyme converts starch into maltose. <br/>(ii) Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptide and amino acids. <br/>(iii) Lipase acts on fats and forms fatty acids and glycerol. <br/>(iv) Maltase acts on maltose and forms glucose.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When we overeat, we feel burning sensations in our stomach. State the reason for this burning sensation and which substance can be used to nullify its effect.",
          "ans": "When we overeat, we feel burning sensation in our stomach because on overeating, excess of hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomach that causes burning sensation. <br/>This can be managed by taking antacids.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?",
          "ans": "(i) Digestion of fats takes place in intestine. <br/>(ii) Lipases are the enzymes which hydrolyse fats. <br/>(iii) Fats are converted into emulsified fats by the action of bile salts. Emulsified fats are converted into fatty acids and glycerol by the action of pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the role of acid in our stomach?",
          "ans": "Functions of acid (HCI): <br/>(i) It makes acidic medium in the stomach which is necessary for the activation of the enzyme pepsin. It changes the pH of food from neutral to acidic medium (from pH 7 to 2). <br/>(ii) It converts the inactive propepsin into active pepsin. <br/>(iii) It destroys the bacteria present in the food.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the functions of the gastric gland in the wall of stomach?",
          "ans": "Functions of gastric gland: <br/>(i) Production of pepsin enzymes: It digests proteins. <br/>(ii) Secretion of the hydrochloric acid: It provides the acidic medium necessary for the action of the pepsin. <br/>(iii) Gastric gland releases mucus. It protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the enzymes of the pancreatic juice, the substrate they digest and the products of their digestive action.",
          "ans": "Enzymes of the pancreatic juice. <br/>Name of enzyme: <br/>1. Amylase <br/>2. Trypsin <br/>3. Lipase <br/>Substrate: <br/>1. Starch, glycogen <br/>2. Proteoses, peptones and proteins <br/>3. Emulsified lipids <br/>Name of end product: <br/>1. Maltose and isomaltose <br/>2. Peptide and amino acid <br/>3. Glycerol and fatty acids",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define breathing and explain the mechanism of breathing in human beings.",
          "ans": "Breathing is the process of taking in oxygen from air into the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs. Breathing is an involuntary process which is controlled by the brain. When the diaphragm moves upwards, the space in abdominal cavity increases and air is taken. When the diaphragm moves down, the space in the cavity decreases and air is exhaled. This continuous inhalation and exhalation of air is called breathing.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. Give reason.",
          "ans": "A terrestrial organism can obtain oxygen directly from the air and have slow breathing rate but aquatic organisms have to obtain oxygen for respiration which is dissolved in water. Since the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen in air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?",
          "ans": "The exchange of gases takes place between the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli. Thus, alveoli are the site for exchange of gases. The lungs get filled up with air during the process of inhalation as ribs are lifted up and diaphragm is flattened. The air that is rushed inside the lungs fills the numerous alveoli present in the lungs. Each lung contains 300–350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface area of gaseous exchange making the process of respiration more efficient.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Aerobic respiration",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) Oxygen is utilised for the breakdown of respiratory substrate.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) It takes place in cytoplasm and inside mitochondria.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) End products are carbon dioxide and water.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(d) More energy is released.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(e) Complete oxidation of glucose happens.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Anaerobic respiration",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(i) Oxygen is not required.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(ii) It takes place in cytoplasm only.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iii) End products are lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iv) Less energy is released.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(v) There is incomplete oxidation of glucose.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State three common features of respiratory organs of animals.",
          "ans": "(i) Thin walled for easy exchange of gases. <br/>(ii) Highly vascular. <br/>(iii) Moist <br/>(iv) Vast surface area.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Briefly explain human respiratory system with a diagram. <br/>OR <br/>Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: 1. Diaphragm, 2. Larynx, 3. Lungs, 4. Trachea.",
          "ans": "When we breathe we inhale oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is essential to carry out the metabolic activities in our body. <br/>The human respiratory system consists of organs like nose, nasal cavity, lungs, muscles of the thoracic cavity and blood vessels. <br/>Energy is generated in human body by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all the living cells of the body. The red blood cells contain respiratory pigment haemoglobin which traps oxygen and transports it to the tissues of the body through various chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide obtained as a waste product of respiration is expelled out of the body. The exchange of these two gases occurs in thin walled air sacs called alveoli, which are the functional units of human lungs.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6d27e.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "205"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the process by which inhalation occurs during breathing in human beings.",
          "ans": "During inhalation, the air from outside enters our body through the nostrils. This air passes through the respiratory tract and enters tiny sacs of air called alveoli, in the lungs. At this time, the thoracic cavity expands as the muscular diaphragm is pushed outwards. The volume of air inside the thorax increases and the pressure decreases. So the oxygen-rich air gets filled into the alveoli.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?",
          "ans": "Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in human beings through a process called diffusion. A respiratory pigment named haemoglobin present in the red blood cells is essential for absorption of oxygen. In the alveoli of the lungs, haemoglobin combines with the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When blood reaches the tissues, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin and the tissue uses it. Some amount of oxygen is also diffused into the plasma of the blood. <br/>Haemoglobin has less affinity for carbon dioxide, which is produced as the waste product by the tissues. So, it diffuses into the blood in a dissolved form. This deoxygenated blood exchanges carbon dioxide in the alveoli of the lungs and takes oxygen in return.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is ATP and what mole of energy will be released at the time when ATP linkage is broken?",
          "ans": "ATP is the energy currency for most cellular processes. The energy released during the process of respiration is used to make ATP molecules from the ADP and inorganic phosphate. <br/>When the terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken, the energy equivalent to 30.5 kJ/ mol is released.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does transport of materials in xylem and phloem occur? What is translocation?",
          "ans": "<b>Transport in xylem:</b> Xylem tissue helps in transport of water and minerals. Here, the water is transported upwards from roots to aerial parts of plants by physical forces such as transpiration pull. <br/><b>Transport in phloem:</b> Phloem tissue helps in transport of food. Here, food is transported in both upward and downward directions. Transport of food in phloem requires energy in the form of ATP. <br/>The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis to other parts of plants through phloem is known as translocation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 31,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is lymph? How is composition of lymph different from blood plasma? List functions of lymphatic system.",
          "ans": "Lymph is a colourless fluid containing white blood cells. <br/>It contains less protein than plasma. <br/>F<b>unctions</b><br/>(i) Lymphatic vessels absorb fats from small intestine. <br/>(ii) It drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 32,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain: (a) Blood goes only once through the heart in fish. (b) Plants have low energy needs.",
          "ans": "(i) Because fish have two chambered heart. The blood is pumped to the gills for oxygenation from where it is passed directly to the rest of the body and de oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped into gills again. <br/>(ii) Because plant bodies have a large propor tion of dead cells.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 33,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention the site of exchange of materials between the blood and surrounding cells. Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.",
          "ans": "The site of exchange of materials between blood and the surrounding cells is capillary.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 34,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6d34a.jpg",
            "width": "320",
            "height": "270"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List three kinds of blood vessels in human circulatory system and write their functions in tabular form.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 35,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "    ",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(1)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(2)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(3)",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Blood vessels",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Arteries",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Veins",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Capillaries",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [
            {
              "image": "Functions",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They collect blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Exchange of materials between the blood and surrounding cells takes place across the thin walls of capillaries.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Plants absorb water from the soil. Explain how does the water reach the tree top.",
          "ans": "Xylem of roots, stem and leaves are inter-connected to form a continuous column. Transpiration pull creates a suction force for pulling water. As a result, roots take up water and mineral salts actively and there is a steady movement of water from roots to all other parts.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 36,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give reasons. <br/>(i) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separate in heart of mammals. <br/>(ii) Herbivores have longer small intestine as compared to carnivores.",
          "ans": "(i) This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen which meets their high energy needs. <br/>(ii) To allow cellulose to be digested.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 37,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the differences between transport of materials in xylem and phloem?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 38,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Xylem",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) Xylem tissue helps in the transport of water and minerals.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) Water is transported upwards from roots to all other plant parts.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) Transport in xylem occurs with the help of simple physical forces such as transpiration pull.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Phloem",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(i) Phloem tissue helps in the transport of food.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(ii) Food is transported in both upward and downward directions.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iii) The transport of food in phloem requires energy in the form of ATP.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the functions of blood.",
          "ans": "(i) The three main functions of blood are transport, protection and regulation. <br/>(ii) Blood transports O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> from various organs to the heart and lungs. <br/>(iii) It also transports nutrients to various parts of the body. <br/>(iv) It carries the waste products from the cells to excretory organs. <br/>(v) It transports hormones from the glands to their target sites. <br/>(vi) The WBC in the blood helps to fight against foreign infections. <br/>(vii) Blood helps to maintain the body temperature.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 39,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw human heart and label its part.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 40,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch6d40a.jpg",
            "width": "420",
            "height": "300"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the functions of lymph.",
          "ans": "(i) The lymphatic system removes toxins and other waste materials from the body. <br/>(ii) It helps to fight against the foreign pathogens entering the body. <br/>(iii) It reabsorbs fats from the digestive tract.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 41,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Describe double circulation in human beings",
          "ans": "(i) In a double circulatory system, blood passes through the heart twice in a single cycle. <br/>(ii) This is important to separate oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood. <br/>(iii) The Vena cava on the right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from various blood vessels coming from the organs and sends this blood to the lungs where exchange of gases takes place and it becomes oxygenated. <br/>(iv) The aorta on the left side of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the blood capillaries in the various parts of the body.  <br/>(v) Thus, in a single cycle, the blood passes through the heart two times. <br/>(vi) Double circulation also helps to maintain the body temperature of humans.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 42,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between artery and vein.",
          "ans": "<b>Artery:</b><br/>(i) An artery carries blood from the heart to different organs of the body. <br/>(ii) Blood flows under great pressure. (iii) It has a thick muscular wall. <br/><b>Vein:</b> <br/>(i) A vein collects blood from different organs of the body and bring it to the heart. <br/>(ii) Blood flows under less pressure. <br/>(iii) It has a thin muscular wall.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 43,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are water and minerals transported in plants?",
          "ans": "(i) In plants, specialised tissues called xylem are responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant. <br/>(ii) In xylem tissue vessels and tracheids of roots, stem and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous water conducting system. <br/>(iii) A t the roots, the cells in contact with the soil take up ions. This creates a concentration difference inside and outside the roots and the water is easily taken up into the roots. <br/>(iv) Thus there is a steady movement of water into the roots creating a column of water that is pushed upwards. <br/>(v) Transpiration of water in the leaves also creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. <br/>(vi) Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 44,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is food transported in plants?",
          "ans": "(i) In plants, specialised tissues called phloem are responsible for the transport of the products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plants. <br/>(ii) This transport of soluble products and amino acids is called translocation. <br/>(iii) Translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, both in upward and downward directions. <br/>(iv) Translocation through phloem utilises energy from the ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure and causes the water to move up. <br/>(v) This pressure also moves material according to the plant’s needs. For example in spring season, the sucrose stored in stem tissue is transported to buds which need energy to grow.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 45,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define transpiration. State its two functions.",
          "ans": "The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plants is known as transpiration. <br/><b>Functions:</b><br/>(i) It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. <br/>(ii) Some solar radiations cause heating of the leaves. Transpiration helps in cooling of leaves by transpiring additional water to atmosphere through aerial parts.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 46,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the following:* <br/>(i) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy <br/>(ii) Organisms that can prepare their own food <br/>(iii) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs <br/>(iv) Cells that surround a stomatal pore <br/>(v) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food <br/>(vi) An enzyme secreted from gastric glands in stomach that acts on proteins",
          "ans": "Name the following:* <br/>(i) Photosynthesis <br/>(ii) Autotrophs <br/>(iii) Chloroplast <br/>(iv) Guard Cells <br/>(v) Heterotrophs <br/>(vi) Pepsin",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 47,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How do guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?*",
          "ans": "The swelling of guard cells due to absorption of water causes opening of stomatal pores, while shrinking of guard cells closes the pores. Opening and closing of stomata occurs due to turgor changes in guard cells. When guard cells are turgid, stomatal pore is open, while in flaccid condition, the stomatal aperture closes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 48,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.*",
          "ans": "Release of CO<sub>2</sub> and intake of O<sub>2</sub> give evidence that either photosynthesis is not taking place or its rate is too low. Normally during daytime, the rate of photosynthesis is much more than the rate of respiration. So, CO<sub>2</sub> produced during respiration is used up for photosynthesis; hence CO<sub>2</sub> is not released.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 49,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss.*",
          "ans": "Food is required for the following purposes: <br/>(i) It provides energy for the various metabolic processes in the body. <br/>(ii) It is essential for the growth of new cells and repair or replacement of worn-out cells. <br/>(iii) It is needed to develop resistance against various diseases.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 50,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 51,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Aerobic respiration",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) Oxygen is utilised for the breakdown of respiratory substrate.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) It takes place in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and inside mitochondria (Krebs cycle).",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) End products are carbon dioxide and water.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(d) More energy is released.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Anaerobic respiration",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(i) Oxygen is not required.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(ii) It takes place in cytoplasm only.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iii) End products are lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iv) Less energy is released.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between an artery and a vein.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 52,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Artery",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(a) Have thick, elastic, muscular walls.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(b) Lumen is narrow.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(c) Carry blood from heart to all body parts.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(d) Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Vein",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(i) Have thin, non-elastic, walls.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(ii) Lumen is wide.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iii) Carry blood from all body parts to heart.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "(iv) Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?*",
          "ans": "(i) Leaves provide large surface area for maximum light absorption. <br/>(ii) Leaves are arranged at right angles to the light source in a way that causes overlapping. <br/>(iii) The extensive network of veins enables quick transport of substances to and from the mesophyll cells. <br/>(iv) Numerous stomata are present for gaseous exchange. <br/>(v) The chloroplasts are more in number on the upper surface of leaves.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 53,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?*",
          "ans": "Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence, herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose. Carnivorous animals cannot digest cellulose, hence they have a shorter intestine.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 54,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?*",
          "ans": "Gastric glands in stomach release hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin and mucus. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin. If mucus is not released, it will lead to erosion of inner lining of stomach, leading to acidity and ulcers.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 55,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?*",
          "ans": "Maximum absorption occurs in small intestine because <br/>(i) digestion is completed in small intestine. <br/>(ii) inner lining of small intestine is provided with villi which increases the surface area for absorption. <br/>(iii) wall of intestine is richly supplied with blood vessels (which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body).",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 56,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is blood circulation in human heart called double circulation?*",
          "ans": "The blood circulation in human heart is called double circulation because the blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle of the body – once through the right half in the form of deoxygenated blood and once through the left half in the form of oxygenated blood.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 57,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the advantage of having four chambered heart?*",
          "ans": "In four chambered heart, left half is completely separated from right half by septa. This prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 58,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention the major events during photosynthesis.*",
          "ans": "The major events during photosynthesis are <br/>(i) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. <br/>(ii) conversion of light energy to chemical energy. <br/>(iii) splitting of H<sub>2</sub>O into H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> and e<sup>–</sup>. (iv) reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to carbohydrates.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 59,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes:* <br/>(i) Trypsin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Amylase &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Pepsin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Lipase",
          "ans": "(i) Protein &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Starch &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Protein &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Fats",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 60,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?*",
          "ans": "Arteries carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body under high pressure, so they have thick and elastic walls. Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. The blood is no longer under pressure, so the walls are thin with valves to ensure that blood flows only in one direction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 61,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?*",
          "ans": "Cells of root are in close contact with soil and so actively take up ions. The ion concentration increases inside the root and hence osmotic pressure increases the movement of water from the soil into the root which occurs continuously.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 62,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is transpiration important for plants?*",
          "ans": "Transpiration is important because <br/>(i) it helps in absorption and upward movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves. <br/>(ii) it prevents the plant parts from heating up.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 63,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What processes form the basis of differentiation between living and non-living organisms?",
          "ans": "Living organisms carry out the processes like growth, nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is the nature of virus confusing?",
          "ans": "Viruses are non-living until they enter a host body. Hence, it is confusing whether they can be counted as living or as non-living organisms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why are life processes important?",
          "ans": "They are necessary for repairing and maintaining the body structure of an organism.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is nutrition essential?",
          "ans": "Since the organism has to grow and increase its body size throughout its life, it requires nutrition.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the important chemical reactions taking place in the body.",
          "ans": "Oxidation-reduction reactions",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is respiration?",
          "ans": "The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body and using it for the breakdown of food to obtain energy is called respiration.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is a transportation system essential in living organisms?",
          "ans": "Since the food is taken in at one place in the body, but required by all cells, transportation system is required.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?",
          "ans": "Saliva of humans contains a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme called salivary amylase that hydrolyses about 30–40% of starch of ingested food into maltose and isomaltose at pH 6.8.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is nutrition? Why is it necessary?",
          "ans": "<b>Nutrition:</b> It is the process by which living orgainisms obtain their food and use it for growth, repair and providing energy. <br/>Nutrition is important because it is through this process that we are able to eat the diet rich in all nutrients, which help to build and maintain the healthy body. The healthy diet also reduces the risk of diseases.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "(i) Name the process by which metabolic waste is removed. <br/>(ii) What are the different modes of nutrition?",
          "ans": "(i) Excretion <br/>(ii) Nutrition is of two types: (A) autotrophic nutrition and (B) heterotrophic nutrition.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is peristalsis?",
          "ans": "Contraction and expansion of muscles in elementary canal to push the food forward is called peristalsis.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Define photosynthesis.",
          "ans": "The process of synthesis of organic material from inorganic compounds like CO2 and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll by the green plants is called photosynthesis.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the function of epiglottis in man?",
          "ans": "Epiglottis closes the glottis during swallowing of food so as to check the entry of food into the wind pipe.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name a common nutrient that is absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed by the kidney tubules.",
          "ans": "Glucose",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where it is produced?",
          "ans": "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is produced during respiration in living organisms in mitochondria.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which are the two different types of respiration?",
          "ans": "The two different types of respiration are Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do aquatic animals breathe faster than the terrestrial animals?",
          "ans": "Because the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is lower than its amount in the air.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why can animals not carry out photosynthesis?",
          "ans": "Animals cannot carry out photosynthesis because they do not have chlorophyll.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the following: <br/>(i) Thin walled air sacs of the lungs. <br/>(ii) The respiratory pigments in man. <br/>(iii) A gas present in larger proportion, the expired air. <br/>(iv) Cells that remove the dust particles in the respiratory passages. <br/>(v) Main air tubes of lungs. <br/>(vi) The ultimate end part of the respiratory passages in mammalian lungs.",
          "ans": "(i) Alveoli <br/>(ii) Haemoglobin <br/>(iii) Carbon dioxide <br/>(iv) Ciliated epithelial cells <br/>(v) Bronchi <br/>(vi) Alveoli or air sacs.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the respiratory organs of fish, mosquito, earthworm and dog.",
          "ans": "Gills Trachea Body wall Lungs.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?",
          "ans": "Trachea is supported by cartilaginous ring which checks the collapsing of its wall.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the term of passage of food from leaves to other parts of the plants.",
          "ans": "Translocation of food",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is translocation?",
          "ans": "The transport of the organic food from the leaves to the different parts of the plants is called translocation.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What process in plant is known as transpiration?",
          "ans": "Loss of water in the form of vapours from aerial parts of plants is known as transpiration.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the following. <br/>(a) The process by which the unwanted nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body. <br/>(b) Major excretory organs of man. <br/>(c) The structural and functional unit of kidney. <br/>(d) A tuft of body capillaries found in the Bowman’s capsule of nephron.",
          "ans": "(a) Excretion (b) Kidneys (c) Nephron (d) Glomerulus.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 25
        }
      ],
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    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch6_co",
    "fib": "ch6_fib",
    "mcq": "ch6_mcq",
    "nf": "ch6_nf",
    "yn": "ch6_yn",
    "un": "ch6_un",
    "dtf": "ch6_dtf",
    "afq": "ch6_afq",
    "jtf": "ch6_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch6_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch6_ctco",
    "laq": "ch6_laq",
    "afow": "ch6_afow",
    "snc": "ch6_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch6_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch6_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch6_mtf",
    "saq": "ch6_saq",
    "cs": "ch6_cs",
    "map": "ch6_map",
    "gowf": "ch6_gowf",
    "tf": "ch6_tf",
    "grf": "ch6_grf",
    "arbq": "ch6_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch6_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch7",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ transmits the information from the brain to the effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.",
          "ans": "(b) Motor neurons",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sensory neurons",
            "(b) Motor neurons",
            "(c) Nerve impulse",
            "(d) Synapse"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the information in the form of chemical and electrical signals passing through neurons. These are carried by dendrites towards the cell body.",
          "ans": "(c) Nerve impulse",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nervous system",
            "(b) Motor neurons",
            "(c) Nerve impulse",
            "(d) Synapse"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the point of contact between the terminal branches of axon of a neuron with the dendrite of another neuron.",
          "ans": "(d) Synapse",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nervous system",
            "(b) Motor neurons",
            "(c) Nerve impulse",
            "(d) Synapse"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to the stimulus.",
          "ans": "(b) Reflex action",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nerve cells",
            "(b) Reflex action",
            "(c) Reflex arc",
            "(d) Synapse"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the pathway through which nerve impulse passes during the reflex action.",
          "ans": "(c) Reflex arc",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nerve cells",
            "(b) Reflex action",
            "(c) Reflex arc",
            "(d) Synapse"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "How many types of response are there?",
          "ans": "(a) 3",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 3",
            "(b) 4",
            "(c) 5",
            "(d) 2"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the part of brain that controls thinking, voluntary actions, memory and is the centre associated with hunger.",
          "ans": "(a) Fore-brain",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Fore-brain",
            "(b) Mid-brain",
            "(c) Hind-brain",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The salivation in mouth is controlled by __________.",
          "ans": "(c) hind-brain",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) fore-brain",
            "(b) mid-brain",
            "(c) hind-brain",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ controls posture and balance.",
          "ans": "(a) Cerebellum",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Cerebellum",
            "(b) Medulla",
            "(c) Pons",
            "(d) Mid-brain"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ controls voluntary action and helps in regulation of respiration.",
          "ans": "(c) Pons",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Cerebellum",
            "(b) Medulla",
            "(c) Pons",
            "(d) Mid-brain"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a neuron, the conversion of electrical signal to a chemical signal occurs at __________.",
          "ans": "(b) axonal end",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cell body",
            "(b) axonal end",
            "(c) dendritic end",
            "(d) axon"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In humans, life processes are controlled and regulated by __________.",
          "ans": "(d) nervous and endocrine system",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reproductive and endocrine system",
            "(b) respiratory and nervous system",
            "(c) endocrine and digestive system",
            "(d) nervous and endocrine system"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not an involuntary action?",
          "ans": "(d) Chewing",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Vomiting",
            "(b) Salivation",
            "(c) Heartbeat",
            "(d) Chewing"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ are the chemical substances which coordinate and control the activities of living organisms and their growth.",
          "ans": "(a) Hormones",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Hormones",
            "(b) Secretions",
            "(c) Animal hormones",
            "(d) Plant hormones"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is the hormone that is synthesized at shoot tip and helps in trophic movement of a plant.",
          "ans": "(a) Auxins",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Auxins",
            "(b) Gibberellins",
            "(c) Cytokinins",
            "(d) Abscisic acid"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ hormone helps in the growth of stem.",
          "ans": "(b) Gibberellins",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Auxins",
            "(b) Gibberellins",
            "(c) Cytokinins",
            "(d) Abscisic acid"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "__________ is a gaseous hormone which helps in the ripening of food.",
          "ans": "(a) Ethylene",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ethylene",
            "(b) Gibberellin",
            "(c) Cytokinins",
            "(d) Abscisic acid"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The movement of sunflower with accordance to the plant hormone is due to __________.",
          "ans": "(b) phototropism",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hydrotropism",
            "(b) phototropism",
            "(c) geotropism",
            "(d) chemotropism"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following inhibits the growth of plant?",
          "ans": "(d) Abscisic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Auxin",
            "(b) Gibberellin",
            "(c) Cytokinins",
            "(d) Abscisic acid"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The main function of abscisic acid in plants is to __________.",
          "ans": "(c) inhibit growth",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) increase the length of cells",
            "(b) promote cell division",
            "(c) inhibit growth",
            "(d) promote growth of stem"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The growth of pollen tube towards ovules is due to __________.",
          "ans": "(d) chemotropism",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hydrotropism",
            "(b) phototropism",
            "(c) geotropism",
            "(d) chemotropism"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The movement of a shoot towards light is called __________.",
          "ans": "(d) phototropism",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) geotropism",
            "(b) hydrotropism",
            "(b) chemotropism",
            "(d) phototropism"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The growth of tendril in a pea plant is due to __________.",
          "ans": "(c) rapid cell divisions in tendril cell that are away from the support",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) effect of light",
            "(b) effect of gravity",
            "(c) rapid cell divisions in tendril cell that are away from the support",
            "(d) rapid cell divisions in tendril cell in contact with the support"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is a plant hormone?",
          "ans": "(b) Cytokinins",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Oestrogen",
            "(b) Cytokinins",
            "(c) Insulin",
            "(d) Thyroxin"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The hormone that is called the fight or flight hormone is ________________.",
          "ans": "(b) adrenaline",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) insulin",
            "(b) adrenaline",
            "(c) thyroxine",
            "(d) testosterone"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not true with respect to the secretion of adrenaline hormone?",
          "ans": "(d) Target organ is the spinal cord",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Increase in the breathing rate",
            "(b) Diversion of blood to the skeletal muscles",
            "(c) Reduced blood supply to digestive system and skin",
            "(d) Target organ is the spinal cord"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The two lobed, butterfly shaped gland located in our throat is ________________.",
          "ans": "(c) thyroid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) adrenal",
            "(a) testes",
            "(c) thyroid",
            "(d) pineal"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Gigantism and dwarfism are diseases caused by the malfunction of which gland?",
          "ans": "(b) Pituitary",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Adrenal",
            "(b) Pituitary",
            "(c) Thyroid",
            "(d) Pineal"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The hormone responsible for puberty in boys and that in girls is ________________.",
          "ans": "(c) testosterone and oestrogen",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) adrenaline and testosterone",
            "(b) thyroxin and adrenaline",
            "(c) testosterone and oestrogen",
            "(d) progesterone and thyroxin"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Electrical impulse travels in a neuron from:*",
          "ans": "(c) Dendrite &#x27F6; cell body &#x27F6; axon &#x27F6; axonal end",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Dendrite &#x27F6; axon &#x27F6; axonal end &#x27F6; cell body",
            "(b) Cell body &#x27F6; dendrite &#x27F6; axon &#x27F6; axonal end",
            "(c) Dendrite &#x27F6; cell body &#x27F6; axon &#x27F6; axonal end",
            "(d) Axonal end &#x27F6; axon &#x27F6; cell body &#x27F6; dendrite"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a synapse, chemical signal is transmitted from:*",
          "ans": "(d) axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) dendritic end of one neuron to axonal end of another neuron",
            "(b) axon to cell body of the same neuron",
            "(c) cell body to axonal end of the same neuron",
            "(d) axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which is the correct sequence of the components of a reflex arc?*",
          "ans": "(d) Receptors &#x27F6; Sensory neuron &#x27F6; Spinal cord &#x27F6; Motor neuron &#x27F6; Muscle",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Receptors &#x27F6; Muscles &#x27F6; Sensory neuron &#x27F6; Motor neuron &#x27F6; Spinal cord",
            "(b) Receptors &#x27F6; Motor neuron &#x27F6; Spinal cord &#x27F6; Sensory neuron &#x27F6; Muscle",
            "(c) Receptors &#x27F6; Spinal cord &#x27F6; Sensory neuron &#x27F6; Motor neuron &#x27F6; Muscle",
            "(d) Receptors &#x27F6; Sensory neuron &#x27F6; Spinal cord &#x27F6; Motor neuron &#x27F6; Muscle"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are true?* <br/>(i) Sudden action in response to something in the environment is called reflex action. <br/>(ii) Sensory neurons carry signals from spinal cord to the muscles. <br/>(iii) Motor neurons carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord. <br/>(iv) The path through which signals are transmitted from a receptor to a muscle or a gland is called reflex arc.",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are true about the brain?* <br/>(i) The main thinking part of brain is the hind-brain. <br/>(ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight, etc. are located in the fore-brain. <br/>(iii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, blood pressure are controlled by the medulla in the hind-brain. <br/>(iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and balance of the body.",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The posture and balance of the body is controlled by _________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) cerebellum",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cerebrum",
            "(b) cerebellum",
            "(c) medulla",
            "(d) pons"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Spinal cord originates from__________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) medulla",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cerebrum",
            "(b) medulla",
            "(c) pons",
            "(d) cerebellum"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not associated with the growth of a plant?*",
          "ans": "(d) Abscisic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Auxin",
            "(b) Gibberellins",
            "(c) Cytokinins",
            "(d) Abscisic acid"
          ],
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone?*",
          "ans": "(b) Thyroxin",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Adrenaline",
            "(b) Thyroxin",
            "(c) Auxin",
            "(d) Insulin"
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement about insulin.*",
          "ans": "(b) It regulates growth and development of the body.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) It is produced from pancreas.",
            "(b) It regulates growth and development of the body.",
            "(c) It regulates blood sugar level.",
            "(d) Insufficient secretion of insulin will cause diabetes."
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the mismatched pair.*",
          "ans": "(a) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland",
            "(b) Testosterone: Testes",
            "(c) Estrogen : Ovary",
            "(d) Thyroxin : Thyroid gland"
          ],
          "val": 40
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The shape of guard cells changes due to change in the _____________.*",
          "ans": "(c) amount of water in cells",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) protein composition of cells",
            "(b) temperature of cells",
            "(c) amount of water in cells",
            "(d) position of nucleus in the cells",
            "option"
          ],
          "val": 41
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The movement of sunflower in accordance with the path of the sun is due to __________.*",
          "ans": "(a) phototropism",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) phototropism",
            "(b) geotropism",
            "(c) chemotropism",
            "(d) hydrotropism"
          ],
          "val": 42
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The substance that triggers the fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants is _____________.*",
          "ans": "(c) abscisic acid",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) auxin",
            "(b) gibberellin",
            "(c) abscisic acid",
            "(d) cytokinin"
          ],
          "val": 43
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements about transmission of nerve impulse is incorrect?*",
          "ans": "(b) At the dendritic end, electrical impulses bring about the release of some chemicals which generate an electrical impulse at the axonal end of another neuron.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nerve impulse travels from dendritic end towards axonal end.",
            "(b) At the dendritic end, electrical impulses bring about the release of some chemicals which generate an electrical impulse at the axonal end of another neuron.",
            "(c) The chemicals released from the axonal end of one neuron cross the synapse and generate a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of another neuron.",
            "(d) A neuron transmits electrical impulses not only to another neuron but also to muscle and gland cells."
          ],
          "val": 44
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When a person is suffering from severe cold, he or she cannot ___________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) differentiate the smell of a perfume from that of an agarbatti",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) differentiate the taste of an apple from that of an ice cream",
            "(b) differentiate the smell of a perfume from that of an agarbatti",
            "(c) differentiate red light from green light",
            "(d) differentiate a hot object from a cold object"
          ],
          "val": 45
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7a46c.jpg",
            "width": "375",
            "height": "75"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch7a46a.jpg",
            "ch7a46b.jpg",
            "ch7a46c.jpg",
            "ch7a46d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 46
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is not true about thyroxin?*",
          "ans": "(a) Iron is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Iron is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin.",
            "(b) It regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body.",
            "(c) Thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesise thyroxin.",
            "(d) Thyroxin is also called thyroid hormone."
          ],
          "val": 47
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Dwarfism results due to _________.*",
          "ans": "(b) less secretion of growth hormone",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) excess secretion of thyroxin",
            "(b) less secretion of growth hormone",
            "(c) less secretion of adrenaline",
            "(d) excess secretion of growth hormone"
          ],
          "val": 48
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Dramatic changes in body features associated with puberty are mainly because of the secretion of _________.*",
          "ans": "(c) testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) estrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary",
            "(b) estrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland",
            "(c) testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary",
            "(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and estrogen from pituitary gland"
          ],
          "val": 49
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A doctor advised a person to take an injection of insulin because ___________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) his sugar level in blood was high",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) his blood pressure was low",
            "(b) his heart was beating slowly",
            "(c) he was suffering from goitre",
            "(d) his sugar level in blood was high"
          ],
          "val": 50
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The hormone which increases fertility in males is called ____________.*",
          "ans": "(b) testosterone",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) oestrogen",
            "(b) testosterone",
            "(c) insulin",
            "(d) growth hormone"
          ],
          "val": 51
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired?*",
          "ans": "(c) Pituitary",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Adrenal",
            "(b) Testes",
            "(c) Pituitary",
            "(d) Ovary"
          ],
          "val": 52
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The junction between two neurons is called ___________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) synapse",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cell junction",
            "(b) neuro muscular junction",
            "(c) neural joint",
            "(d) synapse"
          ],
          "val": 53
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In humans, life processes are controlled and regulated by ____________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) nervous and endocrine systems",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reproductive and endocrine systems",
            "(b) respiratory and nervous systems",
            "(c) endocrine and digestive systems",
            "(d) nervous and endocrine systems"
          ],
          "val": 54
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between the following pairs. Give two points of each. <br/>(i) Dendrite and axon <br/>(ii) Spinal reflex and cranial reflex",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Dendrites:</b> Dendrites are many short branches present in the nerve cell of the body. Messages are received through dendrites. <br/><b>Axon:</b> Axon is a long branch going away from the nerve cell body. Messages leave one nerve cell and enter another through the axon. <br/><b>(ii) <b>Spinal reflex:</b> It occurs through spinal nerves. It is controlled by the spinal cord. <br/><b>Cranial reflex:<b/> It occurs through cranial nerves. It is controlled by the brain.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Brain and spinal cord are two vital organs of our body. How is our body designed to protect them?",
          "ans": "The brain is protected by a hard bony structure called the skull, while the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column. <br/>The brain is surrounded by protective membranes called meninges. Around the brain and spinal cord is present a shock absorbing fluid called the cerebrospinal fluid.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the parts of human peripheral nervous system?",
          "ans": "Peripheral nervous system consists of nerves arising from the brain and the spinal cord. There are 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the brain and 31 pairs that arise from the spinal cord. The nerves that arise from the brain are called cranial nerves and the nerves that arise from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. These nerves maybe sensory, motor or mixed. These nerves carry impulses to and from various organs. These nerves control and coordinate the involuntary and voluntary functions.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Draw the structure of a neuron and label the following on it. (Dendrite, Cell body, Nucleus, Axon) <br/>(ii) Name the part of neuron (a) where information is acquired (b) through which information travels as an electrical impulse (c) where this impulse must be converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission.<br/>(iii) Define neuromuscular junction.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7b4a.jpg",
            "width": "565",
            "height": "210"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Define reflex arc. Draw a flowchart showing the sequence of events which occur during sneezing.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7b5a.jpg",
            "width": "600",
            "height": "276"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous system? How are the components of the central nervous system protected?",
          "ans": "<b>Central Nervous System:</b> It is a part of the nervous system that lies along the mid-dorsal axis of the body. It has two parts—brain and spinal cord. The brain is located in the skull and the spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column. <br/>The nerves arising from the central nervous system constitute peripheral nervous system. The nerves that originate from the brain and the spinal cord are known as cranial nerves and spinal nerves respectively. <br/><b>Protection of brain:</b> The brain is protected by a bony structure called the skull. <br/><b>Protection of spinal cord:</b> The spinal chord is protected by a bony structure called vertebral column.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is the function of mid-brain? Name the three different parts of the hind-brain and give one function of each.",
          "ans": "(i) Mid-brain controls many of the involuntary actions. It serves important functions in motor movements, particularly the movement of eye and in auditory and visual processing. <br/>(ii) Parts of the hind-brain are: <br/>(a) <b>Pons:</b> Pons is a centre for regulating the breathing rhythm. <br/>(b) <b>Medulla: Medulla controls involuntary functions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc. <br/>(c) <b>Cerebellum: Cerebellum is responsible for: <br/>• Precision or coordination of voluntary actions <br/>• Maintaining the posture and balance of the body",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Describe the structure of neuron. <br/>(ii) Give names of the three types of neurons. <br/>(iiii) What is synapse? Explain. <br/>(iv) Which chemical at synapse is called neurotransmitter?",
          "ans": "(i) Neurons vary in shape and size depending on the position and function but all neurons have similar basic structure. <br/>A neuron possesses three distinct region: <br/>• Cell body or cyton &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Dendrites, and &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Axons <br/>• <b>Cell body:</b> It contains nucleus and cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm are present numerous cell organelles like mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. From the cell body arise two kinds of extensions—dendrites and axons. <br/>• <b>Dendrites:</b> These are short and branched processes. They have numerous branches that carry the impulse towards the cell body. <br/>• <b>Axon:</b> It conducts nerve impulse away from the cell body. The axons communicate with other neurons through synapse. Axon is surrounded by myelin sheath. The gaps in the myelin sheath are called nodes of ranvier. <br/>(ii) Types of neurons: The three types of neurons are: sensory neurons, motor neurons and inter neurons, depending on their function. <br/>Sensory neurons: They carry nerve impulses from the receptor to the central nervous system. <br>RECEPTORS &#x27F6; CNS <br/>Motor neurons: They carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors. <br>CNS &#x27F6; EFFECTORS <br/>Inter neurons: They are found within the CNS and make links between sensory and motor neurons. <br/>(iii) Synapse: Synapse is a junction or space between two neurons. It lies between the axons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. <br/>(iv) At the synapse, a chemical called acetylcholine is released that transmits impulse of one neuron to another. Hence, it is called neurotransmitter.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is meant by reflex action? With the help of a labeled diagram trace, the sequence of events which occur when we touch a hot object.",
          "ans": "Reflex action: It is an involuntary action by our body in response to any external stimulus. Reflex actions are not in our control. <br/>Sequence of events when we touch a hot object: <br/>1. Receptor organ skin receives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse. <br/>2. Sensory neuron carries the message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord. <br/>3. The spinal cord transmits the sensory nerve impulses to motor neuron. <br/>4. The motor neuron conducts these impulses to the effector organ hand which responds by pulling the hand away from the hot object.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch7b9.jpg",
            "width": "410",
            "height": "180"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7b9a.jpg",
            "width": "410",
            "height": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are plant hormones? Write four different types of plant hormones and state their functions briefly.",
          "ans": "The chemical compounds released by stimulated cells for control and coordination in plants are called plant hormones or phytohormones. <br/>Auxin – Enlargement of cells at shoot tip <br/>Gibberellins – Helps growth in stem <br/>Cytokinin – Promotes cell division <br/>Abscisic acid – Inhibits growth, causes wilting of leaves",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "In the absence of muscle cells, how do plant cells show movement?",
          "ans": "Plant cells show two types of movements: <br/>(i) <b>Tropic movements</b> are growth movements in response to an environment stimulus. This type of movement may occur in response to gravity (geotropism), light (phototropism), water (hydrotropism), chemical (chemotropism), etc. <br/>(ii) <b>Nastic movements</b> are independent of the direction of stimulus. This type of movement may occur in response to chemicals, temperature, touch, etc. <br/>This shows that a plant cell can show movements in response to different stimuli although they do not have muscle cells.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write an activity to show phototropism and geotropism. What type of movement is shown by mimosa plant leaves when touched with a finger?",
          "ans": "Activity to demonstrate phototropism and geotropism: <br/>(i) Fill a conical flask with water. <br/>(ii) Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. <br/>(iii) Keep two or three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh. <br/>(iv) Take a cardboard box which is open from one side. <br/>(v) Keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window. <br/>(vi) After two or three days, you will notice that the shoots bend towards light and roots away from light. <br/>(vii) This  demonstrates phototropism in the shoot and geotropism in roots. <br/>Folding up of the leaves of Mimosa plant is an example of nastic movement or seismonasty.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is geotropism? Draw a labelled diagram of a potted plant showing positive geotropism and negative geotropism. <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;OR<br/>Define positive and negative geotropism and give one example of each.",
          "ans": "The movement in plant part in response to gravity is called geotropic movement. When the tip of the stem grows away from the earth’s gravitational force, it is known as negative geotropism and when the root tips grow towards gravity, it is known as positive geotropism. <br/>In the figure, the stem shows negative geotropism while roots show positive geotropism.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7b13a.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "145"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the functions of cytokinin?",
          "ans": "The functions of cytokinin are given below: <br/>(i) It promotes cell division by activating DNA synthesis. <br/>(ii) It promotes the growth of little  buds by neutralising the auxin. <br/>(iii) Cytokinin activates protein synthesis in buds. <br/>(iv) It also controls the opening of stomata. <br/>(v) Cytokinin can retard ageing of plant organs by controlling protein synthesis.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "List four uses of auxins.",
          "ans": "Auxin is a growth hormone. <br/>(i) It promotes the formation and growth of roots and stem. <br/>(ii) Auxins cause formation of seedless fruits. <br/>(iii) Auxins can induce the formation of fruits without fertilisation. This is called parthenocarpy. <br/>(iv) Auxin increases the respiration rate in plants.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the physiological effects of gibberellins?",
          "ans": "(i) Gibberellins promote cell division. <br/>(ii) Gibberellins promote cell elongation <br/>(iii) They increase the length of internodes. <br/>(iv) They promote flowering in some plants like chrsanthemum. <br/>(v) Gibberellins prevent ageing and falling of leaves.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the functions of abscisic acid.",
          "ans": "Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor hormone. <br/>(i) Abscisic acid causes the inhibition of mitosis. <br/>(ii) During winters, it brings about a dormancy in buds. <br/>(iii) It also induces the dormancy in seeds. <br/>(iv) It causes ageing in leaf. <br/>(v) Abscisic acid also brings about the seasonal leaf fall.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Name the hormone which regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in our body. Which gland secretes these hormone? Why is it important to have iodised salt in our diet?",
          "ans": "(i) The hormone which regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in ourbody is thyroxin. <br/>(ii) Thyroxin hormone is secreted by thyroid gland. <br/>(iii) Iodised salt in diet is important because it contains iodine, which is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin hormone by the thyroid gland. In case, iodine is deficient in our diet, there would be less production of thyroxin hormone and thus, there is a possibility of suffering from goitre.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Identify the endocrine gland in the given diagram.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch7b19.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "246"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7b19a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "168"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are hormones? Why are they called chemical messengers?",
          "ans": "Hormones are the chemicals released in one part of the body of an organism and targetanother part during the process of growth. They are secreted by endocrine cells inresponse to the changes in external or internal environment and are carried by blood. <br/>They are chemical messengers that regulate the biological processes of an organism andcarry signals in the form of chemicals.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?",
          "ans": "Adrenaline is secreted by adrenal gland during emergency. It prepares the body torespond effectively. When adrenaline is secreted into the blood, the following changesare observed– <ul><li>Heart beats faster so as to pump blood to the muscles which need more energy. </li><li>The blood supply to digestive system and skin is reduced due to the contraction ofmuscles around the organs. This helps in diverting blood supply to muscles. </li></li>Breathing becomes fast.</li></ul>",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Compare and contrast the nervous and hormonal mechanism for control and coordination in animals (write in the form of difference).",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Endocrine System",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The system is not directly connectedto the organs and tissues.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• It exerts its control throughhormones poured into circulatorysystem.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The transmission of informationis slow.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The effect is long lasting.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Nervous System",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The system is directly connected to tissueorgans.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• Nervous system exerts its control throughchemical stimulus poured over the tissueor organ.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The information is transmitted almostinstantaneously.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• The effort is short-lived.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a neat diagram of human brain and label it.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7c1a.jpg",
            "width": "360",
            "height": "215"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention the parts of hind-brain and the function of each part.",
          "ans": "The hind-brain has three parts: <br/><b>• Cerebellum:</b> It controls the muscular coordination and equilibrium of the body. <br/><b>• Pons:</b> It coordinates the functioning of two sides of the body. It also controls breathing and sensations. <br/><b>• Medulla oblongata:</b> It controls the nervous system and reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define receptors and state their location in our body. How do nerve impulse travel in our body?",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Receptors:</b> Specialised tips of some nerve cells, which receive information from the surroundings. <br/><b>Location:</b> Sense organs <br/>(ii) The information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels to the cell body, then along the axon to its end. It releases some chemicals, across the gaps between the neurons, which are called synapes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.",
          "ans": "Take some germinating seedlings and allow them to grow in the ground. Separate the soil around their roots by a polythene partition. Keep watering the left side so that it stays moist and keep the right side dry. <br/>It is observed that the radicle first grows downwards in response to the pull of gravity and after some time, the roots bend towards the moist soil to obtain water. This demonstrates hydrotropism.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name and state briefly one function each of any three plant hormones (phytohormones).",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Abscisic acid:</b> Inhibits growth, is responsible for wilting of leaves <br/>(ii) <b>Gibberellins:</b> Helps in growth of stem <br/>(iii) <b>Cytokinins:</b> Promotes cell division",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Illustrate the effect of auxin in different parts of a plant.",
          "ans": "Illustrate the effect of auxin in different parts of a plant.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch7c6a.jpg",
            "width": "325",
            "height": "195"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How do auxins help in bending of stem towards light? Explain.",
          "ans": "When growing plants detect light, a hormone called auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip. It helps the cell to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the property that causes a tendril to circle around the object. Explain how it happens and how a plant is benefited by it.",
          "ans": "<b>Sensitivity to Touch i.e. thigmotropism:</b>When a tendril of a plant comes in contact with any object, it circles around the object. The plant gets the support of the object for growing upward without falling.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does control and coordination take place in plants?",
          "ans": "Plants lack a well organised control mechanism as animals. But plants respond to light, touch and gravitational forces. Moreover, growth and movements in plants are regulated by external and internal factors. Phytohormones are released in plants in small quantities and they are responsible for regulating the growth and development of a plant. The important phytohormones are auxins, gilliberelins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid. All growth processes are regulated by one or more phytohormones acting together.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Which plant hormone is present in greater concentration in the areas of rapid cell division? <br/>(ii) Give one example of plant growth promoter and plant growth inhibitor.",
          "ans": "(i) The areas of rapid cell division contain the hormone cytokinin. <br/>(ii) Plant growth promoter: gibberellins, plant growth inhibitor: abscisic acid.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain any three directional movements in plants.",
          "ans": "The three directional movements in plants are:</b><br/>(i) Phototropism: It is the movement of the part of the plant towards the sunlight. For example: the shoot of the plant grows in the direction of the sunlight. <br/>(ii) Geotropism: It is the upward growth of shoot and downward growth of root in response to gravity. <br/>(iii) Chemotropism: It is the movement of the plant part in response to chemical stimulus. For example: the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovary.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Identify the phytohormone used by plants while performing the following functions: <br/>(a) Cell division in shoot tip <br/>(b) Inhibiting growth on approach of unfavourable conditions <br/>(ii) Write two differences between the movement of shoot towards light and the movement in ‘touch me not’ plant.",
          "ans": "(i) (a) Auxin (b) Abscisic acid <br/>(ii)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Movement of shoot towards light",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "1. It is a slow response towards any stimulus.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2. It is directional.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Movement of touch me not plant",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "1. It is an immediate response towards the stimulus.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2. It is non-directional.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does chemical coordination occur in plants? Explain with the help of examples.",
          "ans": "In plants, chemical coordination occurs through various phytohormones. <br/>(i) Auxins are secreted by growing tissues. They provide growth to the plants. <br/>(ii) Gibberellins cause stem elongation, seed germination and flowering. <br/>(iii) Cytokinins are present in dividing tissues like fruits, seeds, and promote cell division. <br/>(iv) Abscisic acid inhibits growth.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write one example of each of the following movements. <br/>(i) Positive phototropism <br/>(ii) Negative phototropism <br/>(iii) Positive geotropism <br/>(iv) Negative geotropism <br/>(v) Hydrotropism <br/>(vi) Chemotropism",
          "ans": "(i) Movement of plant stem towards the sunlight <br/>(ii) Movement of roots away from the light <br/>(iii) Movement of roots towards the gravity <br/>(iv) Upward movement of shoots <br/>(v) Growth of roots towards the water in soil <br/>(vi) Growth of pollen towards the ovule",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the feedback mechanism to regulate the action of the hormones with the help of one suitable example.",
          "ans": "Hormones should be secreted in precise quantities. The timing and amount of the hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanism. For example, if the sugar level in blood rises, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Pertaining to endocrine system, what will you interpret if (i) you observe swollen neck in people living in the hills (ii) over secretion of growth hormone takes place during childhood (iii) facial hair develops in boys aged 13.",
          "ans": "(i) Less intake of iodine (in the diet) <br/>(ii) Will lead to gigantism <br/>(iii) Timely secretion of testosterone",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain with an example how the timing and the amount of hormones secreted are regulated in the human body.",
          "ans": "It is regulated by feedback mechanisms.<br/><b>Example:</b> When there is a rise in sugar level in the blood, insulin is secreted by the pancreas. When there is a fall in blood sugar level, insulin secretion is reduced.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name a hormone secreted by (i) pancreas (ii) pituitary gland (iii) thyroid gland, and state one function of each.",
          "ans": "(i) Pancreas secretes hormone insulin. It helps in regulating the blood sugar level. <br/>(ii) Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone. It regulates growth and development of the body. <br/>(iii) Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine hormone. It regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the hormone secreted by: <br/><b>• Thyroid: <br/>• Parathyroid: <br/>• Pancreas:</b>",
          "ans": "<b>• Thyroid:</b> thyroxine <br/><b>• Parathyroid:</b> calcitonin and parathormone <br><b>• Pancreas:</b> insulin and glucagon",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name two hormones secreted by pancreas.",
          "ans": "<b>Insulin:</b> Regulates sugar metabolism and maintains blood sugar level <br/><b>Glucagon:</b> Increases blood sugar level",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Label the parts (a), (b), (c) and (d).*",
          "ans": "(a) Sensory neuron <br/>(b) Spinal cord (CNS) <br/>(c) Motor neuron <br/>(d) Effector = Muscle in arm",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch7c21.jpg",
            "width": "312",
            "height": "210"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the plant hormones responsible for the following:* <br/>(i) elongation of cells <br/>(ii) growth of stem <br/>(iii) promotion of cell division <br/>(iv) falling of senescent leaves",
          "ans": "(i) Auxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Gibberellin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Cytokinin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Abscisic acid",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Label the endocrine glands in the figure below.*",
          "ans": "(a) Pineal gland &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Pituitary gland &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Thyroid &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (d) Thymus",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch7c23.jpg",
            "width": "200",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Among figures (a), (b) and (c), which appears more accurate and why?*",
          "ans": "Figure (a) is more appropriate because in a plant, shoots are negatively geotropic, hence, they grow upwards whereas, roots are positively geotropic, so they grow downwards.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch7c24.jpg",
            "width": "350",
            "height": "86"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is a tropic movement? Explain with an example.*",
          "ans": "The directional growth movements of plants due to external stimuli are called tropic movement. It can be either towards the stimulus or away from it. For example, in case of phototropic movement, shoots respond by bending towards light while roots respond by bending away from it.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What will happen if the intake of iodine in our diet is low?*",
          "ans": "(i) When iodine intake is low, release of thyroxin from thyroid gland will be less by which protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism will be affected. <br/>(ii) A person might suffer from goitre in case of iodine deficiency in the body.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What happens at the synapse between two neurons?*",
          "ans": "When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of one neuron, it releases certain chemical substances that cross the synapse and move towards the dendritic end of the next neuron, generating an electrical signal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Answer the following:* <br/>(i) Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty? <br/>(ii) Dwarfism results due to the deficiency of which hormone? <br/>(iii) Blood sugar level rises due to the deficiency of which hormone? <br/>(iv) Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone?",
          "ans": "(i) Oestrogen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Growth hormone &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Insulin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Thyroxin",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Answer the following:* <br/>(i) Name the endocrine gland associated with brain? <br/>(ii) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones? <br/>(iii) Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys? <br/>(iv) Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in females?",
          "ans": "(i) Pituitary &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Pancreas &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Adrenal &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Testes",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?",
          "ans": "Cerebellum controls the posture and equilibrium of the body. It helps us to walk in a straight line and maintain the balance of our body.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the role of brain in reflex action?",
          "ans": "The Brain and spinal cord in coordination with each other control all voluntary and involuntary actions during the reflex action.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is reflex action? Give two examples of reflex action.",
          "ans": "Reflex action is a sudden involuntary response to stimulus by voluntary organs. Examples: closing of eyes in response to bright sunlight and withdrawal of hand in case you touch a hot object.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which part of the brain controls the heart?",
          "ans": "The heart is controlled by a part of the brain called medulla oblongata.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two body functions that will be affected if cerebellum gets damaged.",
          "ans": "If cerebellum gets damaged, two things can happen: (a) We cannot walk in a straight line, (b) We cannot pick up things from the ground.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which part of the nervous system controls reflex arcs?",
          "ans": "Spinal cord along with the brain controls the reflex arcs.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What would happen to a plant shoot if sunlight falls on it from one direction only? What will you call this movement?",
          "ans": "The shoot will grow towards the direction of sunlight. This movement is called phototropism.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name one plant growth hormone which retards growth during extremely dry season.",
          "ans": "Abscisic acid",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State one example of chemotropism.",
          "ans": "The pollen tube of a flower passes through the style to the ovary. This is an example of chemotropism.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which part of the plant shows positive geotropism and why?",
          "ans": "The main roots of the plant show positive geotropism because they grow downwards in response to the pull of gravity.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the plant hormone responsible for the promotion of cell division.",
          "ans": "Cytokinins",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the disease caused due to the deficiency of iodine and mention its main symptom.",
          "ans": "The disease caused due to the deficiency of iodine is goitre. Its main symptom is swollen neck.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why are animal hormones called endocrine hormones?",
          "ans": "Because they are secreted by the endocrine glands directly into the blood and are carried to different target organs.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is it important to use iodised salt in our diet?",
          "ans": "Iodine is important for the thyroid gland to produce enough thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin is important to regulate our body metabolism.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood?",
          "ans": "It is because endocrine glands are ductless.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the main hormone released by thyroid gland and state its function.",
          "ans": "Thyroid gland releases thyroxin. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in our body.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the function of hypothalamus?",
          "ans": "It regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is pituitary gland called the master gland?",
          "ans": "This is because it controls the activity of other endocrine glands.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the hormone that regulates the sugar level in our blood. Name the gland that secretes it.",
          "ans": "Insulin helps in regulating the blood sugar level. It is secreted by the pancreas.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch7_co",
    "fib": "ch7_fib",
    "mcq": "ch7_mcq",
    "nf": "ch7_nf",
    "yn": "ch7_yn",
    "un": "ch7_un",
    "dtf": "ch7_dtf",
    "afq": "ch7_afq",
    "jtf": "ch7_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch7_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch7_ctco",
    "laq": "ch7_laq",
    "afow": "ch7_afow",
    "snc": "ch7_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch7_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch7_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch7_mtf",
    "saq": "ch7_saq",
    "cs": "ch7_cs",
    "map": "ch7_map",
    "gowf": "ch7_gowf",
    "tf": "ch7_tf",
    "grf": "ch7_grf",
    "arbq": "ch7_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch7_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch8",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 8 - How Do Organisms Reproduce?",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a cell, the DNA is found in ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) chromosomes",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) vacuoles",
            "(b) chromosomes",
            "(c) mitochondria",
            "(d) golgi apparatus"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Thread like structures which are visible during cell division are ________________.",
          "ans": "(a) chromosomes",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) chromosomes",
            "(b) nucleus",
            "(c) sperms",
            "(d) alveoli"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The benefit of DNA copying is that ________________.",
          "ans": "(c) it increases variations",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) it increases population",
            "(b) it decreases population",
            "(c) it increases variations",
            "(d) it decreases diseases"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The most basic event in reproduction is _____________.",
          "ans": "(d) creation of DNA copy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) fusion of gametes",
            "(b) production of gametes",
            "(c) increase in variations",
            "(d) creation of DNA copy"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to:",
          "ans": "(d) continue the species generation after generation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) keep the individual organism alive",
            "(b) fulfil energy requirement",
            "(c) maintain growth",
            "(d) continue the species generation after generation"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A feature of reproduction that is common to amoeba, spirogyra and yeast is that ____________.",
          "ans": "(a) they reproduce asexually",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) they reproduce asexually",
            "(b) they are all unicellular",
            "(c) they reproduce sexually",
            "(d) they are all multicellular"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by ______________.",
          "ans": "(a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits",
            "(b) division of cell into two cells",
            "(c) division of a cell into many cell",
            "(d) formation of young cells from older cells"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in plasmodium is called __________.",
          "ans": "(d) multiple fission",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) budding",
            "(b) fragmentation",
            "(c) binary fission",
            "(d) multiple fission"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In rhizopus, tubular thread like structures bearing sporangia at their tips are called _____________.",
          "ans": "(b) hyphae",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) filaments",
            "(b) hyphae",
            "(c) rhizoids",
            "(d) roots"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are ____________. <br/>(i) large number of spores <br/>(ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread <br/>(iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae <br/>(iv) formation of round shape sporangia",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (ii)",
            "(d) (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Vegetative propagation resorts to formation of new plants from ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) stem, roots and leaves",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) stem, roots and flowers",
            "(b) stem, roots and leaves",
            "(c) stem, flowers and fruits",
            "(d) stem, leaves and flowers"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Asexual reproduction takes places through budding in ________________.",
          "ans": "(b) yeast",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) amoeba",
            "(b) yeast",
            "(c) plasmodium",
            "(d) leishmania"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to ______________.",
          "ans": "(d) continue the species generation after generation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) keep the individual organism alive",
            "(b) fulfil energy requirement",
            "(c) maintain growth",
            "(d) continue the species generation after generation"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "From the list of organisms given below, those reproducing by the asexual method are ____________. <br/>(i) banana &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) dog &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) yeast &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) amoeba",
          "ans": "(b) A and C and D",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A and D",
            "(b) A and C and D",
            "(c) A and D",
            "(d) B and C and D"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Offspring formed by the sexual method of reproduction have great similarity among themselves because __________. <br/>(i) asexual reproduction involves only one parent <br/>(ii) asexual reproduction does not involve gametes <br/>(iii) asexual reproduction occur before the sexual reproduction <br/>(iv) asexual reproduction occur after sexual reproduction",
          "ans": "(a) A and B",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A and B",
            "(b) A and C",
            "(c) B and D",
            "(d) C and D"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The embedding of the embryo in the thick inner lining of the uterus is called ______________.",
          "ans": "(a) implantation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) implantation",
            "(b) assimilations",
            "(c) fixation",
            "(d) embedment"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The time period from development of foetus inside the uterus till birth is called _________________.",
          "ans": "(a) pregnancy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) pregnancy",
            "(b) gestation period",
            "(c) parturition period",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "_____________ is the avoidance of pregnancy, which can be achieved by preventing the fertilisation of ova.",
          "ans": "(b) Contraception",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Conception",
            "(b) Contraception",
            "(c) Contradiction",
            "(d) Incision"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In human female, an event that reflects the onset of reproductive phase is _______________.",
          "ans": "(d) menstruation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) growth of the body",
            "(b) changes in hair pattern",
            "(c) change in voice",
            "(d) menstruation"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following diseases is not sexually transmitted?",
          "ans": "(b) Hepatitis",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Syphilis",
            "(b) Hepatitis",
            "(c) HIV-AIDS",
            "(d) Gonorrhoea"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A student while observing an embryo of a gram seed listed various parts of the embryo as listed: Testa, Micropyle, Cotyledon, Tegmen, Plumule, Radicle. On examining the list, the teacher commented that only three parts are correct parts. These are:",
          "ans": "(c) Cotyledon, plumule, radicle",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Cotyledon, testa, plumule",
            "(b) Cotyledon, tegmen, radicle",
            "(c) Cotyledon, plumule, radicle",
            "(d) Cotyledon, micropyle, plumule"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is the correct sequence of the events of sexual reproduction in a flower?",
          "ans": "(c) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo",
            "(b) Seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination",
            "(c) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling",
            "(d) Embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilisation"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct sequence of reproduction stages as seen in flowering plants is:",
          "ans": "(a) Gametes, zygotes, embryo, seedling",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Gametes, zygotes, embryo, seedling",
            "(b) Zygotes, gametes, embryo, seedling",
            "(c) Seedling, embryo, zygotes, gametes",
            "(d) Gametes, embryo, zygotes, seedling"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The length of pollen tube depends on the distance between ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) polling grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) fallen grain and upper surface of stigma",
            "(b) polling grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule",
            "(c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma",
            "(d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "During adolescence, several changes occur in the human body. Mark one change associated with sexual maturation in boys.",
          "ans": "(c) Cracking of voice",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Loss of milk teeth",
            "(b) Appearance of wisdom teeth",
            "(c) Cracking of voice",
            "(d) Weight gain"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In human male, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it helps in the ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) formation of sperm",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) process of mating",
            "(b) formation of sperm",
            "(c) easy transfer of gametes",
            "(d) all of the above"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following diseases is/are sexual transmitted?",
          "ans": "(d) All of above",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Syphilis",
            "(b) HIV-AIDS",
            "(c) Gonorrhoea",
            "(d) All of above"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "13. In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes are ____________.",
          "ans": "(c) anther and ovary",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) stamen and anther",
            "(b) filament and stigma",
            "(c) anther and ovary",
            "(d) stamen and style"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are true for unisexual flowers? <br/>(i) They possess both stamen and pistil. <br/>(ii) They possess either stamen or pistil. <br/>(iii) They exhibit cross-pollination. <br/>(iv) Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits.",
          "ans": "(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) & (iv)",
            "(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)",
            "(c) (iii) & (iv)",
            "(d) (i), (iii) & (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in flowering plants? <br/>(i) It requires two types of gametes. <br/>(ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event. <br/>(iii) It always results in formation of zygote. <br/>(iv) Offspring formed are clones.",
          "ans": "(c) (i), (ii) & (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) & (iv)",
            "(b) (i), (ii) & (iv)",
            "(c) (i), (ii) & (iii)",
            "(d) (i), (iii) & (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "From the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are ______________.* <br/>(i) banana &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) dog &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) yeast &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) amoeba",
          "ans": "(a) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes (germ cells) are ______________.*",
          "ans": "(c) anther and ovary",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) stamen and anther",
            "(b) filament and stigma",
            "(c) anther and ovary",
            "(d) stamen and style"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in ________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) genes",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cytoplasm",
            "(b) ribosome",
            "(c) golgi bodies",
            "(d) genes"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction show ______________.*",
          "ans": "(c) both similarities and variations with parents",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) only similarities with parents",
            "(b) only variations with parents",
            "(c) both similarities and variations with parents",
            "(d) neither similarities nor variations"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remains constant due to _______________.*",
          "ans": "(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation",
            "(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation",
            "(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation",
            "(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements are true for flowers?* <br/>(i) Flowers are always bisexual. <br/>(ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs. <br/>(iii) They are produced in all groups of plants. <br/>(iv) After fertilisation, they give rise to fruits.",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iv)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the figure, the parts A, B and C are sequentially:*",
          "ans": "(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cotyledon, plumule and radicle",
            "(b) plumule, radicle and cotyledon",
            "(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle",
            "(d) radicle, cotyledon and plumule"
          ],
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch8a37.jpg",
            "width": "150",
            "height": "70"
          },
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit more variations because _________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process",
            "(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species",
            "(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species",
            "(d) genetic material comes from many parents"
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which among the following are not the functions of testes at puberty?* <br/>(i) formation of germ-cells &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) secretion of testosterone <br/>(iii) development of placenta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) secretion of estrogen",
          "ans": "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for the transport of sperms is:*",
          "ans": "(a) testis → vas deferens → urethra",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) testis → vas deferens → urethra",
            "(b) testis → ureter → urethra",
            "(c) testis → urethra → ureter",
            "(d) testis → vas deferens → ureter"
          ],
          "val": 40
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is the effect of DNA copying on the reproduction process? How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is a combination of DNA copies of two individuals?",
          "ans": "DNA copying leads to more variations in the offspring. <br/>Sexually reproducing organisms have cells which have only half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. <br/>When such germ cells/gametes fuse, a new individual is formed with the same amount of DNA as the parent.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is vegetative propagation? List with brief explanation three advantages of practising this process for growing same types of plants. Name two plants which are grown by this process.",
          "ans": "(i) Vegetative propagation is the development of a new plant from vegetative parts like stem and leaves. <br/>(ii) <b>Advantages:</b><br/>(a) Such plants can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. <br/>(b) Allows propagation of plants that have lost capacity to produce seeds. <br/>(c) All plants produced are genetically similar to the parent plant and hence, have all its characters. <br/>For example: jasmine and banana.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Different organisms reproduce by different methods suitable to their body designs. <br/>(i) Justify the above statement using examples of different organisms which reproduce by different methods of asexual reproduction. <br/>(ii) State differences between sexual and asexual method of reproduction.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Amoeba:</b> Binary fission <br><b>Plasmodium:</b> Multiple fission <br/><b>Hydra:</b><br/><b>Budding Planaria:</b> Regeneration <br/>(ii)",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Sexual Reproduction",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It involves two parents.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It is a complex process.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Gamets play an important role.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It occurs in multicelluar organisms and higher plants.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Progeny is genetically different from the parent.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Asexual Reproduction",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It involves a single parent.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It is a simpler process.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Gamets are not involved.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It occurs in lower organisms and single celled organisms.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Progeny is genetically identical to the parent.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between the following: <br/>(i) Binary fission and multiple fission <br/>(ii) Fragmentation and regeneration <br/>(iii) Bud of hydra and bud of bryophyllum <br/>(iv) Vegetative propagation and spore formation",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8b4a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "453"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) List three distinguishing features between sexual and asexual types of reproduction. (ii) Explain why variations are observed in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8b5a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the merits of vegetative propagation.",
          "ans": "Vegetative propagation has outstanding advantages, some of these are as follows: <br/>(i) Plants produced by the vegetative propagation are genetically similar and constitute uniform population called clone. <br/>(ii) Some fruit trees like banana and pineapple do not produce viable seeds, so these are propagated only by vegetative methods. <br/>(iii) It is a more rapid and easier method of propagation. <br/>(iv) Most ornamental plants are propagated by vegetative propagation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the different types of asexual reproduction? <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OR <br/>Write any four methods of asexual reproduction.",
          "ans": "Types of asexual reproduction: <br/>(i) Binary fission &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Multiple fission <br/>(iii) Budding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Fragmentation <br/>(v) Regeneration &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (vi) Spore formation <br/>(vii) Vegetative propagation <br/>• <b>Binary fission:</b> It is the simplest method of asexual reproduction and is generally found in unicellular organisms like amoeba, paramecium, euglena, etc. Binary means ‘two’ and fission means ‘breaking’, thus, this process results in the formation of two daughter cells. <br/>• <b>Multiple fission:</b> It is a type of asexual reproduction in which nucleus undergoes repetitive division before cytoplasm breaks from a number of uninucleate daughter cells. Each cell, thus formed, grows into a new individual. Multiple fission occurs in plasmodium. <br/>• Budding: It is a common method of reproduction in sponges and hydra. In this process, the new individual develops from small outgrowth on the surface of the parent. <br/>• <b>Fragmentation:</b> If filament of spirogyra breaks into fragments, each fragment grows into new individual. <br/>• <b>Regeneration:</b> It is a form of fission in which a parent individual divides into a number of parts, each of which regenerates the missing structures to form a whole organism. It occurs in flatwarm ribbon worm and annelids. <br/>• <b>Spore formation:</b> An individual produced spore which during favourable condition give rise to individual Example: Mucor <br/>• <b>Vegetative propagation:</b> A part of plant body other than the reproductive organ gives rise to a new individual plant. Rose stem cutting gives rise to new rose plant.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Give one example each of a unisexual and bisexual flower. Mention the changes a flower undergoes after fertilisation. How does the amount of DNA remain constant through each new generation in combination of DNA copies of two individuals?",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Unisexual flower:</b> Cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon and papaya. <br/>Bisexual flower: Hibiscus, rose and lily. <br/>(ii) Changes in flower after fertilisation: The outer layers of the ovule become impervious and hard and function as a seed coat. An ovule with an embryo inside is called seed. <br/>The ovary enlarges and ripens to become a fruit. Other floral parts such as sepals, petals, stamens, style and stigma may fall off. However, in some cases, they remain persistent in fruit. <br/>(iii) DNA copying is an essential part of reproduction, as it passes genetic information from parents to offspring. The reproducing cells produce a copy of their DNA through some chemical reactions and result in two copies of DNA. The copying of DNA always takes place along with the creation of additional cellular structure. This process is then followed by the division of cell into two cells. In this way, the amount of DNA remains constant through each new generation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a longitudinal section of flower and label the following parts: <br/>(i) Part that develops into the fruit <br/>(ii) Part that produces the pollen grain <br/>(iii) Part that transfers male gametes <br/>(iv) Part that is sticky to touch",
          "ans": "(i) Ovary (ii) Anther (iii) Stamen (iv) Stigma",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8b9a.jpg",
            "width": "200",
            "height": "135"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is pollination? How does it occur in plants? How does pollination lead to fertilisation? Explain.",
          "ans": "(i) The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. <br/>(ii) The transfer is accomplished by external agents such as wind, water, insects, birds and bats. Both wind and water are abiotic agents while insects, birds and bats are biotic agents of pollination. <br/>(iii) After falling on stigma, the pollen grains absorb water and nutrients. It produces a tube called pollen tube. Pollen tube grows through style and reaches the ovary. The advancing pollen tube enters the ovule, generally through micropyle and reaches the interior of the embryo sac. Here, the tube bursts to release its two male gametes. One male gamete fuses with egg to form zygote and the second male gamete fuses with bi-nucleate cells which forms endosperm.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Name the organ that produces sperms as well as secretes hormone in human males. Name the hormone it secretes and write its function.",
          "ans": "(i) Testis is the organ that produces sperms as well as secretes hormone named testosterone. <br/>Function of Testosterone: <br/>(a) Formation of sperms <br/>(b) Development of secondary sexual character",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is placenta? Describe its structure and state its function in case of a pregnant human female.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Placenta</b> is a special tissue that helps human embryo in obtaining nutrition from a mother’s body. <br/>(ii) <b>Structure:</b> It is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall which contains villi on the inner side of the tissue. <br/><b>Function:</b> It provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The developing embryo also generates waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a sectional view of human female reproductive system and label the part where (i) eggs develop (ii) fertilisation takes place and (iii) fertilised egg gets implanted. Then, describe in brief the changes that uterus undergoes to receive zygote and if the zygote is not formed.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8b13a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "207"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) List two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. <br/>(ii) Name the type of asexual reproduction seen in (i) plasmodium (ii) planaria. <br/>(iii) How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores? <br/>(iv) List two contraceptive methods and state two benefits of adopting these method.",
          "ans": "(i) Sexual reproduction produces offspring with diverse characters. It results in new combination of genes. <br/>(ii) (a) Multiple Fission (b) Regeneration <br/>(iii) It is a simpler and faster mode of reproduction. Spores being small and light get easily dispersed through wind, water and animals. <br/>(iv) Two Contraceptive methods: <br/>(a) Creating mechanical barrier <br/>(b) Using contraceptive pills <br/>Two benefits of these methods: <br/>(a) Protection from sexually transmitted diseases <br/>(b) Birth control",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a neat diagram of human male reproductive system and label its parts.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8b15a.jpg",
            "width": "275",
            "height": "125"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between the following: <br/>Pollen tube and style",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Pollen tube",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• Pollen tube is the part of the male gametophyte in plants.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• It is a long tube-like structure that carries the male gamete from the stigma to the ovules.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Style",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• It is a part of the female reproductive organ: carpel.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "• It joins the stigma to the ovary. It is made up of soft tissue which allows the pollen tube to grow downwards towards the ovule.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Variations are important for the survival of the species over time. Justify this statement.",
          "ans": "Variations help the individuals to survive in the adverse conditions and through the drastic changes occuring in nature. This helps in the survival of the species.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "New offsprings produced are similar to their parents, but not identical. Explain.",
          "ans": "The offsprings are similar because they have the same DNA. They are different because of the variations in DNA during copying.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define reproduction. How does it help in providing stability to the population of species?",
          "ans": "(i) The phenomenon of the formation of new individuals by the existing ones is called reproduction. <br/>(ii) • Reproduction is linked to the stability of population because of the true copying of DNA during reproduction. <br/>• It produces similar body designs in all organisms.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction? What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?",
          "ans": "DNA copying is essential because it makes possible the transmission of characters from parents to the next generation. <br/>Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction: <br/>(i) Sexual reproduction gives rise to variations. <br/>(ii) Variations are essential for evolution as well as survival of species under unfavourable conditions.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is reproduction? What are its basic types?",
          "ans": "Reproduction: All organism born on this earth show the characteristic life cycle involving birth, growth, maturation, reproduction and death. Reproduction is one of the most important processes by which continuation of the species from one generation to another generation takes place. Older and aged organisms are replaced by new and young organisms by reproduction. Reproduction is of two types: <br/>(i) Asexual reproduction <br/>(ii) Sexual reproduction",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individuals?",
          "ans": "Variations present in some populations would enable them to survive. In case of the changing environmental conditions such as the global warming, it is useful for the survival of species over time.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?",
          "ans": "(i) DNA copying provides cellular apparatus in the daughter cells. <br/>(ii) DNA in a daughter cell will be able to control the functioning of daughter cells. <br/>(iii) DNA copies will retain the traits.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give two reasons for the appreciation of the variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.",
          "ans": "(i) Single male and female parents are involved in the sexual reproduction, so the offspring will show variations. <br/>(ii) During gamete formation, there is crossing over and recombination in chromosome, so it will cause variations.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is vegetative propagation? State two advantages and two disadvantages of this method.",
          "ans": "Propagating plants from their vegetative parts like stem, leaves and roots is known as vegetative propagation.<br/><b>Advantages:</b><br/>(i) It is a rapid and economical method. <br/>(ii) It helps in retaining useful characters from generation to generation.<br/>Disadvantages: <br/>(i) New characters cannot be introduced. <br/>(ii) The disease of the parent plant gets transferred to the offspring.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name any two plants that are produced by grafting. List any two benefits of reproduction through spores.",
          "ans": "(i) Rose/Mango, Grapes <br/>(ii) (a) Many organisms can be produced at the same time <br/>(b) Organisms are able to ride over unfavourable conditions",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Describe asexual reproduction in amoeba.",
          "ans": "Binary fission in amoeba is a normal method of reproduction. It occurs under favourable conditions. The animal grows till it attains the maximum size and then divides by the binary fission in every three or four days.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain various steps of budding in the hydra with the help of the diagrams.",
          "ans": "Budding: It is a common method of reproduction in sponge and hydra. In the process, a new individual develops from the small outgrowth on the surface of the parent. The exogenous bud gets its nourishment from the parent till it gains the maturity, then it breaks off from the parent body and develops into individuals. Sometimes, the buds do not separate of and continue to form a chain of buds.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8c12.jpg",
            "width": "230",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Discuss the spore formation in fungi.",
          "ans": "Spore formation: Despa in fungi vary in space. Spores are usually unicellular and spherical. The thick wall provides protection till spores come in contact with other surface and can begin development. Sometimes, the spores are produced endogenously in special saclike asexual reproduction bodies called sporangia. <br/>Spores in such cases are called sporangiospores. Spores on falling on ground or substratum grow new hypha. <br/>Example: <i>Rhizopus, Mucor and Penicillium.</i>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is regeneration? <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OR <br/>Discuss regeneration in hydra.",
          "ans": "Regeneration is the process of the repair, replacement and revival of damage served body parts or the reconstruction of the whole body from a small fragment often during the post-embryonic period of a multicellular organism. It is a morphogenetic mechanism. <br/>In hydra, if a small fragment is cut off from the body, it is capable of growing into complete organism. It is evident that the buds formed are also the body outgrowth and they separate out as complete new individuals.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give a brief account of vegetative propagation in leaves.",
          "ans": "Under suitable conditions, new plants can develop from the leaves. <br/>In bryophyllum, there are notches where meristem is present. When the leaf comes in contact with soil, meristem produces a new plant. Adventitious buds are formed in begonia and lilium on leaves which too help in vegetative propagation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the demerits of vegetative propagation.",
          "ans": "(i) New varieties cannot be produced by vegetative propagation. <br/>(ii) Quality of fruits cannot be changed since there is no meiosis or no recombinations of character occur. <br/>(iii) Disease present in parent plant propagates in all the daughter plants. <br/>(iv) There is no special mechanism for dispersal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the term “regeneration” as used in relation to reproduction of organisms. Describe briefly how regeneration is carried out in multicellular organisms like hydra.",
          "ans": "Regeneration: It is the ability of an organism to give rise to an individual from its body parts. <br/>Regeneration in hydra takes place by the following manner: <br/>(i) The body of hydra is cut into number of pieces. <br/>(ii) Each piece contains specialised cells. <br/>(iii) These cells make large number of cells. <br/>(iv) Different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissue, which finally develops into a new organism.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the process of regeneration in planaria. How is this process different from reproduction?",
          "ans": "(i) In this process, planaria is cut into many pieces. Each piece grows into complete organism; this regeneration process is carried out by specialised cells; which increase in number, develop and differentiate into various cell types and tissues. <br/>(ii) Regeneration is different from reproduction as it does not involve any sex cells or vegetative methods to give rise to new individual.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between fission in amoeba and leishmania.",
          "ans": "• In <i>Amoeba</i>, splitting into two cells during division can take place in any plane. <br/>• In <i>Leishmania</i>, binary fission occurs in a definite orientation in relation to the whip-like structure.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is fertilisation not possible without pollination?",
          "ans": "The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma occurs during the process of pollination. Fertilisation occurs due to this process. Without pollination, pollen grains cannot travel to ovary through pollen tube. Hence, pollination in an important process.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination? What happens to the pollen which falls on a suitable stigma? Explain.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Self-pollination:</b> It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant. <br/><b>Cross-pollination:</b> It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower, growing on another plant of the same species. <br/>(ii) The pollen grain starts germinating and forms a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows into the style till it reaches the ovule through micropyle. The pollen tube then reaches the embryo sac into which it releases the two male gametes contained in it. The male gametes then fuse with the female gametes in the embryo sac.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List the functions of anther, style and ovary.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Anther:</b> It produces pollen grains. <br/>(ii) <b>Style:</b> It provides the path through which the pollen tube grows and reaches the ovary. <br/>(iii) <b>Ovary:</b> It contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell/female gamete. It develops into fruit after fertilisation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List any four steps involved in sexual reproduction and write its two advantages.",
          "ans": "<b>Steps involved in sexual reproduction:</b><br/>(i) Formation of gametes through meiosis (ii) Transfer of male germ-cell into female body <br/>(iii) Fusion of male and female germ-cell by fertilisation <br/>(iv) Formation of offspring from zygote post fertilisation <br/><b>Advantages: </b><br/>(i) It is a source of genetic variation. <br/>(ii) It gives rise to individuals that are most adapted to the environment.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How many eggs are produced every month by either of the ovaries in a human female? Where does fertilisation take place in female reproductive system? What happens in case the egg released by the ovary is not fertilised?",
          "ans": "(i) One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries. <br/>(ii) Fertilisation takes places in the fallopian tube. <br/>(iii) When the egg is not fertilised, the inner lining of uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and is known as menstruation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State any two changes seen in boys at the time of puberty. Define implantation and fertilisation.",
          "ans": "(i) Boys begin to have thick hair growth on the face. Their voice begins to crack. <br/>(ii) Implantation is the process of fixing of zygote to the uterine wall. <br/>(iii) Fertlisation is the union of male and female germ-cell to form zygote.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Suggest three contraceptive methods to control the size of human population which is essential for the health and prosperity of a country. State the basic principle involved in each.",
          "ans": "<b>Three methods of contraception:</b><br/> (i) Barrier method or mechanical method: Condom or diaphragm worn to prevent the meeting of sperms and ova <br/>(ii) <b>Chemical method:</b> Oral pills change the hormonal balance and so, egg cannot be released. Vaginal pills contain chemical spermicide which kills the sperm. <br/>(iii) <b>Surgical method:</b> The vas deferens in males is surgically blocked by a method called vasectomy. In females, the fallopian tubes are cut and tied surgically by a method called tubectomy. Devices like copper-T are also placed inside the uterus surgically to avoid pregnancy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State one function of each of the following parts of human male reproductive system.",
          "ans": "(i) Vas deferens: It helps in the passage of sperms. <br/>(ii) Testes: It produces sperms and hormone called testosterone. <br/>(iii) Prostate gland: It secretes alkaline fluid which is discharged into the urethra. It protects sperms from acidity of male urethra.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is placenta and placentation?",
          "ans": "The ovary contains one or more ovules, which later become seeds. The ovule bearing region of the carpel is called placenta. The arrangement of placenta and ovules within the ovary is called placentation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Describe cross-pollination.",
          "ans": "It is the transfer of pollen grain from the anther of a flower of one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant. As a rule, cross-pollination occurs in unisexual flowers but bisexual flowers also undergo cross population. Cross populated flowers show variation in their features seems they are produced by gametes from different plants (though of the same species) which differ slightly from each other.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Describe double fertilisation in plants.",
          "ans": "(i) The process of double fertilisation occurs inside each embryo sac in which two fissions i.e., syngamy and triple fission take place. <br/>(ii) As the pollen tube enters the ovule, the pollen tube releases male gametes into embryo sac. <br/>(iii) The embryo sac contains the egg. <br/>(iv) The fusion of male and female gametes in embryo sac of the ovule is called syngamy. The products are called zygotes. <br/>(v) The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nucleus. It is called triple fusion. <br/><b>Significance:</b><br/>(i) Double fertilisation provides directions to endosperm mother cells for the formation of nutritive tissue named endosperm. <br/>(ii) It ensur es continuous supply of the nourishment to the embryo developed from zygotes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain post fertilisation changes in plants.",
          "ans": "After fertilisation, most parts of the flower wither and significant changes occur inside the ovary. <br/>(i) The fertilised egg or zygote (oospore) along with the ovule changes into the seeds. <br/>(ii) The wall of ovule forms the seed coat (testa). The seeds contain the potential plant or embryo. <br/>(iii) The embryo consists of the radicle (potential root), plumule (potential shoot) and cotyledons (seed leaves). <br/>(iv) In dicotyledonous plants, there are two cotyledons while in monocotyledons plants, there is one cotyledon. <br/>(v) In monocotyledons plants, food is stored in the endosperm (part of the seed). <br/>(vi) The seeds become dry and dormant to overcome adverse conditions. <br/>(vii) Ultimately the wall of the ovary ripens and changes into a fruit. Thus, we see the seeds inside the fruit.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 31,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the male and female gonads in human beings? Mention their functions.",
          "ans": "In human beings, male gonads are testes and female gonads are ovaries. <br/><b>Function of testes: </b><br/>(i) Testes produce male gametes called sperms. <br/>(ii) Testes produce male sex hormone called testosterone. <br><b>Function of ovary:</b><br/>(i) Formation of female ova (gametes) <br/>(ii) Production of female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 32,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In the human body, what is the role of (a) seminal vesicles and (b) prostate gland?",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Functions of seminal vesicles:</b> (a) The secret viscous alkaline in seminal fluid that contains sugar fructose and ascorbic acid (b) Fructose provides energy to the spermatozoa for swimming <br/>(ii)<b> Function of prostate gland:</b><br/>(a) Its secrets the milky white slightly acidic fluid. <br/>(b) The secretions nourish and serves as the medium for spermatozoa.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 33,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is ovulation?",
          "ans": "The ova develops in the ovary within certain follicles known as the graafian follicle which appears as little bulgings on the external surface of the ovary. As soon as the ovum is ready, the follicle surface ruptures and the ovum is released. The process is known as ovulation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 34,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?",
          "ans": "Changes at the time of puberty: This changes occur under the influence of hormones FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and estrogens. <br/>(i) Growth of breast and external genitalia <br/>(ii) Darkening of nipple skin <br/>(iii) Growth of pubic and axillary hair <br/>(iv) Increase in subcutaneous fat <br/>(v) Initiation of menstruation and ovulation",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 35,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body?",
          "ans": "Embryo gets new recruitment through placenta. Placenta is a disc embedded in the wall of uterus. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue. On the mother’s side are blood spaces which surround villi. Placenta serves to bring the foetal and maternal blood close enough to permit exchange of materials between the two.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 36,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define menstruation, precocious puberty and menopause.",
          "ans": "<b>Menstruation:</b> It is a process in which the blood, mucus and uterine tissue are eliminated from female mammals. <br/><b>Precocious puberty:</b> Normally women’s sexual life starts from the age of puberty (about 13 years), but under small abnormal condition like high level of sex hormones (LH and FSH), menstruation started at an early age than the normal is called precocious puberty.<br/><b>Menopause:</b> The natural physical stoppage of menstruation is called menopause. <br/>It usually occurs at the age of 45 to 50 and the woman is unable to bear children.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 37,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name and define the four stages in the uterine cycle.",
          "ans": "<b>Uterine cycle:</b> The nutrient cycle consists of four stages as follows: <br/>(i) <b>Menstruation:</b> It lasts for five days. <br/>(ii) <b>The proliferation phase:</b> From the end of mensuration to the release of ovum, it lasts for 10 to 14 days. <br/>(iii) <b>Ovulatory phase:</b> It is the release of ovum from the ovary. <br/>(iv) <b>Luteal:</b> It lasts from ovulation to mensuration for about 10 days.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 38,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is artificial insemination? Write the use of artificial insemination.",
          "ans": "<b>Artificial insemination:</b> A process by which spermatozoa is collected from male and deposited in the female genitalia by instrumentation rather than by natural service is called artificial insemination. <br/><b>Uses of artificial insemination: </b>(i) The semen of good quality from the male can be used in inseminated females. <br/>(ii) The preserved spermatic fluid can be transported to different places. <br/>(iii) In case of men who are incapable of producing children, this method can be used.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 39,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name one sexually transmitted disease each caused due to bacteria infection and viral infection. How can these be prevented?",
          "ans": "Sexually transmitted disease caused due to bacteria infection: Syphilis <br/>Sexually transmitted disease caused due to viral infection: AIDS <br/>Prevention of sexually transmitted disease: <br/>(i) People, particularly those in high-risk group, should be educated about AIDS transmission, advantage of using condom, danger of sharing needles and advantage of monogamy. Adultery is prohibited in all religions. It must be avoided. <br/>(ii) Sexual habits should be changed. <br/>(iii) Before receiving blood, it should be screened for HIV.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 40,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes?*",
          "ans": "Reduction division (meiosis) during gamete formation halves the chromosome number in both male and female gametes. Since these two gametes fuse during fertilisation, the original number of chromosomes (as in the parent) is restored in the offspring.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 41,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.*",
          "ans": "(i) Sexual reproduction involves two parents with different sets of characters. <br/>(ii) The gene combinations are different in gametes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 42,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "From the Internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five animals and five plants. Correlate the number with the size of organism and answer the following questions:* <br/>(i) Do large organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells? <br/>(ii) Can organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with more number of chromosomes? <br/>(iii) More the number of chromosomes/cells, greater is the DNA content. Justify.",
          "ans": "(i) No, there is no relati onship between the size of an organism and its chromosome number. <br/>(ii) No, the process of reproduction follows a common pattern and is not dependent on the number of chromosomes. <br/>(iii) Yes, since the major component of chromosome is DNA, if there are more chromosomes in a cell, the quantity of DNA will also be more.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 43,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In a tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty-four chromosomes.* <br/>What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete? <br/>What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?",
          "ans": "The number of chromosomes in the female gamete is 24. <br/>The number of chromosomes in the zygote is 48.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 44,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?*",
          "ans": "In a flower, fertilisation requires both male and female gametes. <br/>If pollina tion does not occur, male gamete is not available. Hence, fertilisation cannot take place.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 45,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Reproduction is linked to stability of population of a species. Justify the statement.*",
          "ans": "In reproduction, DNA passes from one generation to the next. Copying of a DNA takes place with consistency but with minor variations. This consistency leads to stability of species.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 46,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?*",
          "ans": "General growth refers to different types of development process in the body like increase in height, weight gain, changes in shape and size of the body, but sexual maturation is specific to changes reflected at puberty like cracking of voice, new hair patterns, development of breast in female, etc.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 47,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Trace the path of sperm during ejaculation and mention the gland and their functions associated with the male reproductive system.*",
          "ans": "Sperm comes out from testis into the vas deferens and then passes through urethra before ejaculation. The secretions of seminal vesicle and prostrate glands provide nutrition to the sperms and also facilitate their transport.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 48,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?*",
          "ans": "Mechanical barriers like condom prevents the sperms from reaching the egg. Thus, it is an effective method to avoid pregnancy. It also prevents transmission of infections during the sexual act.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 49,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In the given figure, label the parts and mention their functions.* <br/>(i) Production of egg &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) Site of fertilisation <br/>(iii) Site of implantation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Entry of the sperms",
          "ans": "(i) Ovary (production of egg) <br/>(ii) Oviduct (site of fertilisation) <br/>(iii) Uterus (site of implantation) <br/>(iv) Vagina (entry of the sperms)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 50,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch8c50.jpg",
            "width": "140",
            "height": "125"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch8c50a.jpg",
            "width": "195",
            "height": "125"
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How can chromosomes be identified?",
          "ans": "Chromosomes are the thread like structures observed during cell division.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is DNA copying an essential part of reproduction?",
          "ans": "Because it leads to variation and hence, evolution",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the significance of sexual mode of reproduction?",
          "ans": "It promotes variation in organisms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is reproduction?",
          "ans": "Reproduction is the process of producing new individual by the parents.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is DNA?",
          "ans": "DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains unique genetic code.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is reproduction essential for the living organisms?",
          "ans": "In order to continue the species generation after generation.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Is present number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?",
          "ans": "Yes, during all the stages, only mitosis occurs. Thus, chromosome number remains the same and constancy is maintained.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in unicellular organisms?",
          "ans": "Yes, cell division in unicellular organisms produce daughter organisms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the plant that reproduces vegetatively by leaf.",
          "ans": "Bryophyllum",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are the organisms that contain both the sex organs in the same individual called? Give one example of such organism.",
          "ans": "Bisexual For example, Hydra",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the method used for growing rose plant and jasmine plant.",
          "ans": "(i) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like cutting is used for growing rose plant. <br/>(ii) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like layering is used for growing jasmine plant.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solutions. Give one reason for this.",
          "ans": "Colonies of yeast need energy and nutrients for the multiplication. Hence, they multiply in the sugar solution and not in water.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why does bread mould grow profusely in a moist slice of bread rather than a dry slice of bread?",
          "ans": "A bread mould needs water and nutrition for the growth of the mycelium and it grows profusely on a moist slice of bread and not on a dry slice.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two simple organisms having the ability for regeneration.",
          "ans": "(i) Hydra &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Planaria",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens when a mature spirogyra filament attains considerable length?",
          "ans": "It reproduces by the vegetative method and breaks up into pieces. Each piece grows into new filament.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two functions performed by ovaries in female.",
          "ans": "Ovaries release ovum. They secrete female hormones–estrogen and progesterone.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is the temperature of scrotal sac 2°C less than the body temperature?",
          "ans": "It is less because testes require a temperature 2°C less than the body temperature for the production of sperms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens if the egg is not fertilised?",
          "ans": "Blood and mucous comes out of the vagina. This is called menstruation.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name one sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria and virus each.",
          "ans": "Spread by bacteria–Syphilis Spread by virus–AIDS",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention two methods to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.",
          "ans": "Use of condom on penis, use of covering in the vagina",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Where is zygote located in the flower after fertilisation?",
          "ans": "Zygote is located inside the ovule, which is present in the ovary.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Supply the scientific name of the following: <br/>(i) Release of ovum from ovary <br/>(ii) Onset of menstrual cycle in female <br/>(iii) What is the function of scrotum?",
          "ans": "(i) Ovulation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Puberty &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Thermoregulation. Scrotum provides a lower temperature than the body temperature for the development of sperms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Where does fertilisation take place in human beings?",
          "ans": "In the fallopian tube",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give one example of each: <br/>(i) Mechanical method of contraception <br/>(ii) Chemical method of contraception",
          "ans": "Mechanical: Condoms in males <br/>Chemical: Use of oral pills",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two functions of testes in human beings.",
          "ans": "(i) Production of sperms (ii) Secretion of testosterone hormone",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the life process of an organism that helps in the growth of its population.",
          "ans": "Reproduction",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 26
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
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      [],
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      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch8_co",
    "fib": "ch8_fib",
    "mcq": "ch8_mcq",
    "nf": "ch8_nf",
    "yn": "ch8_yn",
    "un": "ch8_un",
    "dtf": "ch8_dtf",
    "afq": "ch8_afq",
    "jtf": "ch8_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch8_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch8_ctco",
    "laq": "ch8_laq",
    "afow": "ch8_afow",
    "snc": "ch8_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch8_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch8_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch8_mtf",
    "saq": "ch8_saq",
    "cs": "ch8_cs",
    "map": "ch8_map",
    "gowf": "ch8_gowf",
    "tf": "ch8_tf",
    "grf": "ch8_grf",
    "arbq": "ch8_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch8_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch9",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Exchange of genetic material takes place in _______________.",
          "ans": "(c) sexual reproduction",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) vegetative reproduction",
            "(b) asexual reproduction",
            "(c) sexual reproduction",
            "(d) budding"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is incorrect?",
          "ans": "(d) For every molecule of fat, there is a gene.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) For every hormone, there is a gene.",
            "(b) For every protein, there is a gene.",
            "(c) For production of every enzyme, there is a gene.",
            "(d) For every molecule of fat, there is a gene."
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The carriers of genes or factors are _______________.",
          "ans": "(b) genes",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) mitochondria",
            "(b) genes",
            "(c) vacuoles",
            "(d) golgi apparatus"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A trait in an organism is influenced by _________________.",
          "ans": "(c) both maternal and paternal DNA",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) paternal DNA only",
            "(b) maternal DNA only",
            "(c) both maternal and paternal DNA",
            "(d) neither by paternal nor by maternal DNA"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in F2 is _________________.",
          "ans": "(c) 1 : 1",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1 : 3",
            "(b) 3 : 1",
            "(c) 1 : 1",
            "(d) 2 : 1"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The number of pair(s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of humans is _________________.",
          "ans": "(a) one",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) one",
            "(b) two",
            "(c) three",
            "(d) four"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "All the gametes formed in human females have an _________________.",
          "ans": "(a) X chromosome",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) X chromosome",
            "(b) Y chromosome",
            "(c) XY chromosome",
            "(d) no chromosome"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male child or a female child is _________________.",
          "ans": "(c) 50:50",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 20:80",
            "(b) 80:20",
            "(c) 50:50",
            "(d) 70:30"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with ________________.",
          "ans": "(b) a chimpanzee",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) a Chinese school boy",
            "(b) a chimpanzee",
            "(c) a spider",
            "(d) a bacterium"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The theory of evolution of species by natural selection was given by _______________.",
          "ans": "(b) Darwin",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mendel",
            "(b) Darwin",
            "(c) Morgan",
            "(d) Lamarck"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The genetic material responsible for inheritance of traits is ____________________.",
          "ans": "(c) hormones",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) enzymes",
            "(b) genes",
            "(c) hormones",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Origin of new species from the pre-existing one is called _______________.",
          "ans": "(b) speciation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) mutation",
            "(b) speciation",
            "(c) evolution",
            "(d) variation"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The scientist who gave the idea of evolution of species by natural selection was _______________.",
          "ans": "(c) Darwin",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mendel",
            "(b) Lamarck",
            "(c) Darwin",
            "(d) Hooke"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A basket of vegetables contains carrot, potato, radish and tomato. Which of following represents the correct homologous structures?",
          "ans": "(c) Radish and carrot",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Carrot and potato",
            "(b) Carrot and tomato",
            "(c) Radish and carrot",
            "(d) Radish and potato"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An organism with very simple eyes, which are actually eye spots, is ____________________.",
          "ans": "(b) planaria",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) wuschereria",
            "(b) planaria",
            "(c) lizard",
            "(d) turtle"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The correct order according to evolution is:",
          "ans": "(d) mango tree, cockroach, fish, gorilla",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cockroach, mango tree, gorilla, fish",
            "(b) mango tree, fish, gorilla, cockroach",
            "(c) fish, gorilla, cockroach, mango tree",
            "(d) mango tree, cockroach, fish, gorilla"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white flower progeny. The nature of the cross will be ________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) self-pollination",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) double fertilisation",
            "(b) self-pollination",
            "(c) cross-fertilisation",
            "(d) no fertilisation"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A cross between a tall plant (TT) and a short pea plant (tt) resulted in progeny that were all tall plants because ______________.*",
          "ans": "(a) tallness is the dominant trait",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) tallness is the dominant trait",
            "(b) shortness is the dominant trait",
            "(c) tallness is the recessive trait",
            "(d) height of pea plant is not governed by gene ‘T’ or ‘t’"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with a wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY), the seeds produced in F1 generation are ______________.*",
          "ans": "(a) round and yellow",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) round and yellow",
            "(b) round and green",
            "(c) wrinkled and green",
            "(d) wrinkled and yellow"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In human males, all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are _________________.* <br/>(i) large chromosome &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) small chromosome <br/>(iii) Y-chromosome &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) X-chromosome",
          "ans": "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (iii) only",
            "(c) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The maleness of a child is determined by:*",
          "ans": "(b) the Y chromosome in the zygote",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the X chromosome in the zygote",
            "(b) the Y chromosome in the zygote",
            "(c) the cytoplasm of germ-cell which determines the sex",
            "(d) sex is determined by chance"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A zygote which has an X chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a:*",
          "ans": "(b) girl",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) boy",
            "(b) girl",
            "(c) X chromosome does not determine the sex of a child",
            "(d) either boy or girl"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the incorrect statement.*",
          "ans": "(b) Reduction in weight of the organism due to starvation is genetically controlled.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Frequency of certain genes in a population change over several generations resulting in evolution.",
            "(b) Reduction in weight of the organism due to starvation is genetically controlled.",
            "(c) Low weight parents can hav e heavy weight progeny.",
            "(d) Traits which are not inherited over generations do not cause evolution."
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "New species may be formed if:* <br/>(i) DNA undergoes significant changes in germ-cells <br/>(ii) chromosome number changes in the gamete <br/>(iii) there is no change in the genetic material <br/>(iv) mating does not take place",
          "ans": "(a) (i) and (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds, produce F1 progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F<sub>1</sub> plants are selfed, the F<sub>2</sub> progeny will have new combination of characters. Choose the new combination from the following:* <br/>(i) Round, yellow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Round, green &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Wrinkled, yellow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Wrinkled, green",
          "ans": "(b) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iv)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the correct statement:*",
          "ans": "(a) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are homologous.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are homologous.",
            "(b) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are analogous.",
            "(c) Wings of birds and limbs of lizards are analogous.",
            "(d) Wings of birds and wings of bat are homologous."
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If the fossil of an organism is found in the deeper layers of the earth, then we can predict that:*",
          "ans": "(b) the extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the extinction of organism has occurred recently",
            "(b) the extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago",
            "(c) the fossil position in the layers of the earth is not related to its time of extinction",
            "(d) time of extinction cannot be determined"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation?*",
          "ans": "(a) All variations in a species have equal chance of survival.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) All variations in a species have equal chance of survival.",
            "(b) Change in genetic composition results in variation.",
            "(c) Selection of variants by environmental factors forms the basis of evolutionary processes.",
            "(d) Variation is minimum in asexual reproduction."
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the group which shares maximum number of common characters:*",
          "ans": "(a) Two individuals of a species",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Two individuals of a species",
            "(b) Two species of a genus",
            "(c) Two genera of a family",
            "(d) Two genera of two families"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "According to the evolutionary theory, formation of a new species is generally due to __________________.*",
          "ans": "(b) accumulation of variations over several generations",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) sudden creation by nature",
            "(b) accumulation of variations over several generations",
            "(c) clones formed during asexual reproduction",
            "(d) movement of individuals from one habitat to anoth"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "From the list given below, select the character which can be acquired but not inherited.*",
          "ans": "(c) Size of body",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Colour of eye",
            "(b) Colour of skin",
            "(c) Size of body",
            "(d) Nature of hair"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The two versions of a trait (character), which are brought in by the male and female gametes, are situated on*",
          "ans": "(a) the copies of the same chromosome",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the copies of the same chromosome",
            "(b) two different chromosomes",
            "(c) sex chromosomes",
            "(d) any chromosome"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the statements that describe the characteristics of genes.* <br/>(i) Genes are specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule. <br/>(ii) A gene does not code for proteins. <br/>(iii) In individuals of a given species, a specific gene is located on a particular chromosome. <br/>(iv) Each chromosome has only one gene.",
          "ans": "(b) (i) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (i) and (iii)",
            "(c) (i) and (iv)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Some dinosaurs had feathers although they could not fly, but birds have feathers that help them to fly. In the context of evolution, this means that __________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) birds have evolved from reptiles",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reptiles have evolved from birds",
            "(b) there is no evolutionary connection between reptiles and birds",
            "(c) feathers are homologous structures in both the organisms",
            "(d) birds have evolved from reptiles"
          ],
          "val": 34
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Differentiate dominant and recessive traits. <br/>(ii) Gene controls the traits. Explain this statement with an example.",
          "ans": "(i) The character which gets expressed in presence of its contrasting form is termed as <b>dominant traits.</b><br/>The trait which remains unexpressed in the presence of its contrasting form is called <b>recessive traits.</b> <br/>(ii) Gene controls the trait by synthesizing the specific enzyme. Consider tallness as a trait. Plant height depends upon particular plant hormone which in turn will depend on the efficiency of the process making it. If the enzymes responsible for the production of this hormone are efficient, plant will be tall. If gene for that enzyme has an alternation that makes enzyme less efficient, the amount of hormone will be less and the plant will be short.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are chromosomes? Explain how in sexually reproducing organism is the number of chromosomes in the progeny maintained.",
          "ans": "Chromosomes are long thread like structures which contain hereditary information of the individual and are thereby the carriers of genes and hereditary characteristics. <br/>A male individual has 46 chromosomes, but because the gametes are always haploid, ie, they have half the number of chromosomes. So, sperms will be haploid. Female individual also contains 23 chromosomes in the egg. It is the fusion of the sperm and the egg which leads to an offspring with 46 chromosomes.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or a female child is 50%. Give reasons and explain with the help of a diagram.",
          "ans": "A child who inherits an X chromosome from his father would be a girl (XX) while a child who inherits a Y chromosome from the father would be a boy (XY). Since the sex of a child is determined by what he/she inherits from his/her father, therefore probability of either getting male or female child is 50%.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch9b3a.jpg",
            "width": "285",
            "height": "135"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments? Write two reasons. <br/>(ii) List two contrasting visible characters of garden pea that Mendel used for his experiments. <br/>(iii) Explain in brief how Mendel interpreted his results to show that the traits may be dominant or recessive.",
          "ans": "<b>Reasons:</b><br/>(i) (a) Pea plant is small and easy to grow. <br/>(b) It has a short life cycle. <br/>(c) Both self and cross-pollination are possible. <br/>(ii) <b>Contrasting characters:</b> Round/Wrinkled seeds, tall/short plants, white/purple flowers, green/yellow seeds <br/>(iii) When Mendel crossed two pea plants with a pair of contrasting characters, only one character appeared in all the members of F<sub>1</sub> progeny and the other remained hidden. <br/>In the second generat ion or F<sub>2</sub> progeny, the hidden character reappeared in just 25% cases and the other 75% had the character expressed in F<sub>1</sub>. <br/>Mendel concluded that the character which expresses itself in F<sub>1</sub> and in 75% of the individuals of F<sub>2</sub> is dominating while the other is recessive.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "With the help of one example for each, distinguish between the acquired traits and the inherited traits. <br/>Why are the traits/experiences acquired during the entire lifetime of an individual not inherited in the next generation? Explain the reason of this fact with an example.",
          "ans": "<b>Acquired traits:</b> The characters that are acquired by the individual during the lifetime. These traits cannot be inherited. For example, a wrestler develops large muscles. <br/><b>Inherited traits:</b> The characters which are inherited by the offspring from the parents. These traits are expressed in the offspring and later carried on to the next generation. <br/>For example, skin color, eye color and shape. <br/>Acquir ed traits occur due to changes in the lifestyle, injury, loss of body parts and disuse of some body parts. These traits/experiences occur in the somatic cells which do not involve germ cells and genetic materials. Therefore, these traits are not transferred or inherited in the next generation. For example: low weight due to starving. <br/>Any change in non-reproductive tissue cannot lead to change in DNA of germ-cells.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Give difference between <br/>(i) heredity and variations &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) dominant and recessive traits",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Heredity:<b> It is the transmission of characters from parents to the next generation. <br/><b>Variations:</b> The changes that occur in the DNA of an organism <br/>(ii) <b>Dominant:</b> It is the trait which expresses itself even in the presence of contrasting trait. It appears in F1 generation. <br/><b>Recessive:</b> It is the trait which remains unexpressed in the presence of the dominant trait. It does not appear in the F1 generation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is speciation? What are the factors that lead to speciation? Explain any two factors.",
          "ans": "<b>Speciation:</b> It is an evolutionary process by which new species arise. <br/>Factors:</b> <br/>(i) Geographical isolation (ii) Genetic drift (iii) Natural selection (iv) Mutation <br/><b>Genetic Drift:</b> It is the random change in frequency of genes in population over successive generations due to sampling error in the gametes. This process is more rapid in smaller population, hence, genetic drift can cause loss of genetic diversity. <br/><b>Natural selection:</b> It is the process, according to Darwin, which brings about the evolution of new species of animals and plants. Darwin found that variations existed between individuals of the population and concluded that diseases, competition and other forces acting on the population eliminated those individuals which were less well-adapted to their environment.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) What is geographical isolation? <br/>(ii) Illustrate the formation of a species with the help of an example where individuals are very different from each other and are capable of reproduction among themselves.",
          "ans": "(i) Geographical isolation is the isolation of population by barriers like seas, mountains, etc. <br/>(ii) There is a sub population of red beetles living in a mountain with green bushes. Individuals of this sub population reproduce sexually among themselves and the progeny has many variations. <br/>If a beetle from this sub population strays into another area, then random reproduction takes place. This may lead to migration of genes from the population of red beetles to the other sub population. <br/>If the two sub populations are isolated by the presence of a river between them then (a) the isolated sub population will have variations accumulated. (b) Over a period of time, the sub populations would become very different from each other due to genetic drift and natural selection.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the following: <br/>(i) Speciation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Natural selection",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Speciation:</b> Speciation means origin of a new species from the existing one. <br/>(ii) <b>Natural Selection:</b> (a) There is a natural variation within any population and same individuals have more favourable variations than others. <br/>(b) Population remains fairly constant even though all species produce a large number of offspring. (c) This is due to ‘competition’ or ‘struggle’ for existence between same and different species. <br/>(d) The struggle for survival within population eliminates the unfit individuals and those with ‘favourable variations’ survive and pass on those variations to their progeny to continue. This is called natural selection.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are fossils? How are they formed? List two methods of determining the age of fossils. Explain in brief the importance of fossils in deciding the evolutionary relationships.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Fossils:</b> The remains/impression of dead/decayed plants/animals <br/>(ii) <b>Formation of Fossils:</b> Formed when dead organisms are compressed under high pressure deep under the soil for thousands of years <br/>(iii) Two methods of determining the age of fossils are given below: <br/>(a) Relative method &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Carbon dating method <br/>(iv) <b>Importance:</b> (a) The presence of fossilised remains of the organisms is the evidence of existence of the organisms millions of years ago, out of which some have become extinct.<br/>(b) Fossils also help in the determination of the connecting links between various groups and their origin from primitive ones.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "All the human races like Africans, Asians, Europeans, Americans might have evolved from a common ancestor. Provide a few evidences in support of this view.",
          "ans": "All humans are a single species. All of them have a common body plan, physiology and metabolism. <br/>This is enough evidence to prove that all Africans, Asians, Europeans and Americans must have evolved from a common ancestor.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is DNA copying? State its importance.",
          "ans": "DNA replication or DNA copying is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule during cell division. <br/><b>Importance:</b> <br/>(i) It is responsible for the transmission of parental characteristics to the offspring. <br/>(ii) During DNA copying in reproduction, the changes occur due to inheritance of traits from both the parents. This leads to genetic variation, which is useful.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Variations are important for the survival of species over time. Justify the statement.",
          "ans": "(i) It causes adaptations. <br/>(ii) It promotes natural selection.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Write the full form of DNA. <br/>(ii) Why are variations essential for species?",
          "ans": "(i) Deoxyribonucleic acid <br/>(ii) For survival",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Where are the genes located? What is their chemical nature?",
          "ans": "Genes are located on the chromosomes in a fixed position. Chemically, they are acidic in nature as they contain DNA.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Name the unit of inheritance. What is its function? <br/>(ii) How are inherited traits different from acquired traits? Give example.",
          "ans": "(i) Gene: It is the carrier of genetic information from one generation to another. <br/>(ii) The traits that are obtained from parents are inherited traits. For example: Fused or free ear lobes <br/>The traits that develop during the lifetime of an individual are acquired traits. For example: Muscular body",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub> generations.",
          "ans": "F1 is the first filial generation of hybrids derived from a cross between two genetically different individuals. <br/>F<sub>2</sub> is the second filial generation produced from a cross between individuals of F<sub>1</sub> generation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "If YYRR represents round yellow seeds, what do the following represent? <br/>yyrr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; yyRR",
          "ans": "yyrr: Wrinkled, green seeds <br/>yyRR: Round, green seeds",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give appropriate terms for the following: <br/>(i) The trait which can express itself in the next generation <br/>(ii) The trait an organism has due to inheritance (iii) Origin of new species from pre-existing one",
          "ans": "(i) Dominant trait (ii) Inherited trait (iii) Speciation",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A woman has only daughters. Analyse the situation genetically.",
          "ans": "The woman produces ovum with X chromosomes. The man produces sperms with X or Y chromosome, which actually determine the sex of the baby.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are acquired traits? Why are these traits generally not inherited over generations? Explain.",
          "ans": "Characters that a person acquires during one’s lifetime are known as acquired characters/traits. Such changes do not occur in reproductive tissues. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues are not passed on to the DNA of germ-cells and therefore, are not inherited by the next generation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Experiences of an individual during its lifetime cannot be passed on to its progeny and direct evolution. Justify.",
          "ans": "Since acquired characters are not inherited over generations. These cannot be passed to the DNA of the gametes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "If a population of green beetles living on green bushes, is being eaten by crows. During sexual reproduction, a green beetle is found in progeny. (i) What is the future of the new trait? (ii) Will it survive in the new habitat?",
          "ans": "(i) Green beetles increased and red decreased. The green one escaped the crows and merged with green color. <br/>(ii) New trait will survive.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How do different races of human beings belong to the same species?",
          "ans": "There is no scientific evidence to the notion of human races. All humans are a single species. <br/>From scientific studies, it is known that all human races belong to the same species Homo Sapiens which evolved in Africa and then spread across the world.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain how the process of speciation takes place.",
          "ans": "Accumulated variations cause changes in the DNA of the gametes, like the changes in the number of chromosomes. Due to this, the gametes of two groups cannot fuse with each other. This leads to the emergence of new species.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are homologous organs? Give one example. Can the wings of a bat and a butterfly be regarded as homologous? <br/>Give reason in support of your answer.",
          "ans": "<b>Homologous organs:</b> Organs with similar basic structure/origin but modified to perform different functions. <br/>Examples: Forelimbs of various vertebrates <br/>The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat cannot be regarded as homologous organs. <br/><b>Reasons: Though, they perform the similar function, they have different origin/basic structure.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are fossils? State their importance in the study of evolution with the help of a suitable example.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Fossils:</b> The remains and/or impressions of organisms that lived in the past. <br/>(a) The fossils that we find close to the surface are more recent than the ones we find in deeper layers. <br/>(b) Dating fossils by detecting the ratio of different isotopes of the same element, age of fossils can be estimated. <br/>(ii) <b>Importance:</b> (a) The presence of fossilised remains of the organisms is the evidence of existence of the organisms millions of years ago, out of which some have become extinct.<br/>(b) Fossils also help in the determination of the connecting links between various groups and their origin from primitive ones.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are fossils formed? State any one role of fossils in the study of organic evolution.",
          "ans": "Formation: On certain occasions, a dead body or at least some parts may be in an environment that does not let it decompose completely and gets preserved. Subsequently, either the part or its impression becomes a fossil. <br/>Role of fossil: Provides missing link between the species/ who has evolved from whom They tell us about prehistoric organisms.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "There are two different types of organs, homologous and analogous. Differentiate between them by giving three points.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Homologous organs",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They have same basic structural design.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They perform different functions.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "Their appearances are different.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Analogous organs",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They have different basic structural design.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They perform similar functions.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "They have similar appearances.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Birds have evolved from reptiles. State evidence to prove the statement.",
          "ans": "The function of feathers initially was to provide insulation but later on, they became useful for flight in birds only. Similarly, some dinosaurs had feathers, although they could not fly using the feathers. Birds seem to have later adapted the feathers to fly. This, of course, means that birds are very closely related to reptiles since dinosaurs were reptiles.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Evolution and classification of organisms are interlinked. Give reason to justify this statement.",
          "ans": "(i) Classification is the reflection of evolutionary relationships between organisms. <br/>(ii) If more than two organisms are related to each other, they have more characteristics in common. <br/>(iii) If organisms have more characteristics in common, they are more likely to have a common ancestor. For example, real brothers and sisters <br/>(iv) Similarities between organisms allow us to group them and study these groups to determine how these organisms are evolutionary related.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is the sex of a newborn determined in humans?*",
          "ans": "The sex of the individual is genetically determined i.e., genes inherited from parents decide whether the new born will be a boy or a girl. A new born who inherits an ‘X’ chromosome from the father will be a girl and one who inherits a ‘Y’ chromosome will be a boy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention three important features of fossils which help in the study of evolution.*",
          "ans": "(i) Fossils represent modes of preservation of ancient species. <br/>(ii) Fossils help in establishing evolutionary traits among organisms and their ancestors. <br/>(iii) Fossils help in establishing the time period in which organisms lived.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X chromosome?*",
          "ans": "Human females have two X chromosomes called sex chromosomes. During meiosis at the time of gamete formation, one X chromosome enters each gamete. Hence, all the gametes possess an X chromosome.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or female child is 50 : 50. Give a suitable explanation.*",
          "ans": "The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex chromosome contributed by the male gamete. Since the ratio of male gametes containing X chromosome and those containing Y chromosome is 50 : 50, the statistical probability of male or a female infant is also 50 : 50.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are homologous structures? Give an example. Is it necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestor?*",
          "ans": "Structures which have a common basic structure but perform different functions are called homologous structures. Examples are: fore limbs of reptiles, amphibians and mammals. Yes, they have common ancestor but variously modified to carry out different activities.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Does the occurrence of diversity of animals on earth suggest their diverse ancestry also? Discuss this point in the light of evolution.*",
          "ans": "Though animals have a vast diversity in structures, they probably do not have a common ancestry because common ancestry may greatly limit the extent of diversity. As many of these diverse animals are inhabiting the same habitat, their evolution by geographical isolation and speciation is also not likely. Thus, a common ancestry for all the animals is not the likely theory.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in pea plant and mention which is dominant and recessive:* <br/>(i) yellow seed &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) round seed",
          "ans": "(i) yellow — dominant <br/>green — recessive<br/(ii) round — dominant <br/> wrinkled — recessive",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why did Mendel choose a pea plant for his experiments?*",
          "ans": "(i) Easy to grow (ii) Short life span (iii) Easily distinguishable characters <br/>(iv) Larger size of flower (v) Self-pollinated",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is DNA?",
          "ans": "DNA is the carrier of heredity information from parents to the next generation.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is gene?",
          "ans": "Gene is a part of DNA that encodes the instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific protein or enzyme.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the information source for making proteins in cells.",
          "ans": "Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in cells.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population. Why?",
          "ans": "No two individuals are alike in a population because variation arises due to DNA copying.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is heredity?",
          "ans": "The transmission of characters from one generation to another is called heredity.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which type of chromosomes are carried by male gametes in human male? What is their percentage?",
          "ans": "X and Y chromosomes are carried by male gametes in human male. 50% sperms carry the X chromosome and 50% carry the Y one.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant?",
          "ans": "The trait which express tallness in the pea plant is dominant over the other trait of shortness.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the phenotype ratio of a dihybrid cross in F2 generation?",
          "ans": "9:3:3:1",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name any three different traits that a pea plant possesses.",
          "ans": "Round and wrinkled seeds, tall and short plant, white and violet flowers.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give an example where sex determination is regulated by environmental factors.",
          "ans": "In snails, sex is determined by environmental factor–temperature.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are the basic events in evolution?",
          "ans": "The changes in DNA during reproduction",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is a gene?",
          "ans": "It is the unit of inheritance. It controls inheritance of characters over generations.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between inherited and acquired traits.",
          "ans": "Characters like the colour of eyes or hair, which are passed on from parents to offspring are called inherited traits. <br/>Characters like obesity, loss of a finger by accident, which appear in the lifetime of an individual are called acquired traits.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two factors that lead to the formation of new species",
          "ans": "Genetic drift and natural selection",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is genetic drift?",
          "ans": "Accidents in small population can change the frequency of some genes in a population, although they give no survival advantage. This is called genetic drift.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Place the following in correct sequence: <br/>natural selection/migration/new species/gene flow",
          "ans": "Migration–gene flow–natural selection–new species",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State two factors that could lead to the rise of new species.",
          "ans": "Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations and variations.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are fossils?",
          "ans": "Preserved traces of living organisms are called fossils.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are analogous organs?",
          "ans": "The organs which have similar functions but different structures are called analogous organs.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give an example of homologous organ from the plant kingdom.",
          "ans": "Thorns and tendrils",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which type of organs are human arms, forelimbs of dogs and forelimbs of whales? Why?",
          "ans": "Homologous organs, because they have the same origin but different functions.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why are recent fossils found closer to the earth’s surface?",
          "ans": "Fossils found closer to the earth’s surface are more recent, and those found in the deeper layers are old ones.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Explain why the wings of a bat and that of a bird are considered to be analogous organs.",
          "ans": "This is because their design, structure and components are different and their origins are not the same.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
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    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch9_co",
    "fib": "ch9_fib",
    "mcq": "ch9_mcq",
    "nf": "ch9_nf",
    "yn": "ch9_yn",
    "un": "ch9_un",
    "dtf": "ch9_dtf",
    "afq": "ch9_afq",
    "jtf": "ch9_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch9_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch9_ctco",
    "laq": "ch9_laq",
    "afow": "ch9_afow",
    "snc": "ch9_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch9_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch9_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch9_mtf",
    "saq": "ch9_saq",
    "cs": "ch9_cs",
    "map": "ch9_map",
    "gowf": "ch9_gowf",
    "tf": "ch9_tf",
    "grf": "ch9_grf",
    "arbq": "ch9_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch9_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch10",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 10 - Light – Reflection and Refraction",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be",
          "ans": "(d) either plane or convex",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) plane",
            "(b) concave",
            "(c) convex",
            "(d) either plane or convex"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The laws of reflection hold good for",
          "ans": "(d) all of them",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) plane mirror only",
            "(b) concave mirror only",
            "(c) convex mirror only",
            "(d) all of them"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "We are able to see the objects around us due to _____________ of light.",
          "ans": "(b) reflection",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) refraction",
            "(b) reflection",
            "(c) diffraction",
            "(d) interference"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not an optical phenomenon?",
          "ans": "(d) occurrence of seasons",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) formation of a rainbow",
            "(b) formation of images in mirrors",
            "(c) twinkling of stars",
            "(d) occurrence of seasons"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a concave mirror?",
          "ans": "(d) Figure (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a5.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "265"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Figure (i)",
            "(b) Figure (ii)",
            "(c) Figure (iii)",
            "(d) Figure (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A full-length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using",
          "ans": "(b) a convex mirror",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) a concave mirror",
            "(b) a convex mirror",
            "(c) a plane mirror",
            "(d) both (a) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it?",
          "ans": "(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens",
            "(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens",
            "(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other",
            "(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following the image of the object placed at infinity will be highly diminished and point sized?",
          "ans": "(d) Concave mirror, concave lens, convex mirror and convex lens",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Concave mirror only",
            "(b) Convex mirror only",
            "(c) Convex lens only",
            "(d) Concave mirror, concave lens, convex mirror and convex lens"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?",
          "ans": "(d) Clay",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Water",
            "(b) Glass",
            "(c) Plastic",
            "(d) Clay"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A spherical mirror and a spherical lens have a focal length of -15 cm each. The mirror and the lens are likely to be",
          "ans": "(a) both concave.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) both concave.",
            "(b) both convex.",
            "(c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex.",
            "(d) the mirror is convex but the lens is concave."
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A light ray enters from a medium A to medium B as shown in the figure. The refractive index of medium B relative to A will be",
          "ans": "(a) greater than unity.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a11.jpg",
            "width": "235",
            "height": "160"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) greater than unity.",
            "(b) less than unity.",
            "(c) equal to unity.",
            "(d) zero."
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "You are given water, mustard oil, glycerine and kerosene. In which of these media, a ray of light incident obliquely at some angle would bend the most?",
          "ans": "(d) Glycerine",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Kerosene",
            "(b) Water",
            "(c) Mustard oil",
            "(d) Glycerine"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it?*",
          "ans": "(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens",
            "(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens",
            "(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other",
            "(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl pin is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is*",
          "ans": "(b) –20 cm",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) –30 cm",
            "(b) –20 cm",
            "(c) – 40 cm",
            "(d) – 60 cm"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Under which of the following conditions a concave mirror can form an image larger than the actual object?*",
          "ans": "(c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its radius of curvature",
            "(b) When object is kept at a distance less than its focal length",
            "(c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature",
            "(d) When object is kept at a distance greater than its radius of curvatur"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B. <br/>Refractive index of the medium B relative to medium A is*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a16.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "160"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10a16a.jpg",
            "width": "70",
            "height": "50"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch10a16a.jpg",
            "ch10a16b.jpg",
            "ch10a16c.jpg",
            "ch10a16d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box through the holes C and D respectively as shown in the Figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?*",
          "ans": "(a) A rectangular glass slab",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a17.jpg",
            "width": "345",
            "height": "200"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) A rectangular glass slab",
            "(b) A convex lens",
            "(c) A concave lens",
            "(d) A prism"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the holes on the other face of the box as shown in the Figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?*",
          "ans": "(d) Convex lens",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a18.jpg",
            "width": "350",
            "height": "159"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Concave lens",
            "(b) Rectangular glass slab",
            "(c) Prism",
            "(d) Convex lens"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is true?*",
          "ans": "(a, d)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m",
            "(b) A convex lens has –4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m",
            "(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m",
            "(d) A concave lens has –4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles*",
          "ans": "(a) is less than one",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) is less than one",
            "(b) is more than one",
            "(c) is equal to one",
            "(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Rays from the Sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a concave mirror. Where should an object be placed so that size of its image is equal to the size of the object?*",
          "ans": "(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror",
            "(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror",
            "(c) between 15 cm and 30 cm in front of the mirror",
            "(d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles, the bulb is placed*",
          "ans": "(b) very near to the focus of the reflector",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector",
            "(b) very near to the focus of the reflector",
            "(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector",
            "(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The path of a ray of light coming from air passing through a rectangular glass slab traced by four students is shown as A, B, C and D in the Figure. Which one of them is correct?*",
          "ans": "(b) B",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a23.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "138"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) A",
            "(b) B",
            "(c) C",
            "(d) D"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a concave mirror as shown in the Figure?*",
          "ans": "(d) Figure (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a24.jpg",
            "width": "400",
            "height": "319"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Figure (i)",
            "(b) Figure (ii)",
            "(c) Figure (iii)",
            "(d) Figure (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a lens shown in the figure?*",
          "ans": "(a) Figure (i)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch10a25.jpg",
            "width": "450",
            "height": "291"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Figure (i)",
            "(b) Figure (ii)",
            "(c) Figure (iii)",
            "(d) Figure (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A girl is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of her head bigger, the middle portion of her body of the same size and that of the legs smaller. The following is the order of combinations for the magic mirror from the top.*",
          "ans": "(a) Plane, convex and concave",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Plane, convex and concave",
            "(b) Convex, concave and plane",
            "(c) Concave, plane and convex",
            "(d) Convex, plane and concave"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which of the following, the image of an object placed at infinity will be highly diminished and point sized?*",
          "ans": "(d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Concave mirror only",
            "(b) Convex mirror only",
            "(c) Convex lens only",
            "(d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens"
          ],
          "val": 27
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm. <br/>(i) What should be the range of distance of an object placed in front of the mirror? <br/>(ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. <br/>(iii) Where will the image of this object be if it is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror? Draw a ray diagram for this situation also to justify your answer. <br/>Show the positions of pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the above ray diagram.",
          "ans": "(i) Object should be placed between principal focus and pole of the mirror. <br/>(ii) Image will be larger than the object.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b1a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "251"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on the walls of the school laboratory by using a mirror. <br/>(i) Which type of mirror should he/she use and why? <br/>(ii) At what distance, in terms of focal length ‘f’ of the mirror, should he/she place the candle flame to get the magnified image on the wall? <br/>(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this case. <br/>(iv) Can he/she use this mirror to project a diminished, erect image of the candle flame on the same wall? State ‘how’ if your answer is ‘yes’ and ‘why not’ if your answer is ‘no’.",
          "ans": "(i) Concave mirror because it is used as a focussing mirror. <br/>(ii) The candle should be placed between F and 2F.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b2a.jpg",
            "width": "460",
            "height": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to show the position and nature of image formed when the object is placed <br/>(i) between pole and focus of a concave mirror. <br/>(ii) between focus and centre of curvature of a concave mirror. <br/>(iii) at the centre of the curvature of a concave mirror. <br/>(iv) is at infinity from a concave mirror. <br/>(v) when the object is beyond C of a concave mirror. <br/>(vi) when the object is at F of a concave mirror. <br/>(vii) at infinity from a convex mirror. <br/>(viii) when the object is between infinity and pole of a convex mirror.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b3a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "745"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm. At what distance should an object of height 5 cm from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 15 cm away from the lens. Find the size of the image also.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b4a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "216"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "A divergent lens of focal length 30 cm forms the image of an object of size 6 cm on the same side as the object at a distance of 15 cm from its optical centre. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the object from the lens and the size of the image formed.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b5a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "178"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses: <br/>(i) Optical centre <br/>(ii) Centre of curvature <br/>(iii) Principal axis <br/>(iv) Aperture <br/>(v) Principal focus <br/>(vi) Focal length <br/>A converging lens has focal length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 48 cm on other side of the lens.",
          "ans": "(i) Optical centre: It is the central point of the lens through which a ray of light passes without suffering any deviation. <br/>(ii) Centre of curvature: It is the centre of sphere of part of which a lens is formed. <br/>(iii) Principal axis: It is an imaginary line passing through the centre of the lens and perpendicular to lens axis. <br/>(iv) Aperture: The effective diameter of the surface of spherical lens is called aperture. <br/>(v) Principal focus: When the light rays are parallel to the principal axis and focused using a lens, then the focus is at a point lying on the principal axis where all the rays meet. <br/>(vi) Focal length: It is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus of a lens. <br/>Convex, f = 12 cm, u = ?, v = 48 cm",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b6a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "96"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw ray diagrams to explain the formation of images by a convex lens for different object distances. Also write the characteristics of the image formed.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b7a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "608"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw ray diagrams to explain the formation of images by a concave lens, for different object distances. Also write the characteristics of the image formed.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10b8a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "242"
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the laws of reflection.",
          "ans": "(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. <br/>(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror.",
          "ans": "(i) The image formed is always virtual and erect. <br/>(ii) The image is of the same size as the object. <br/>(iii) The image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50 cm from the mirror. <br/>(i) Write the type of the mirror. <br/>(ii) Find the distance of the image for the object. <br/>(iii) What is the focal length of the mirror? <br/>(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.",
          "ans": "(i) Concave mirror &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) u = –50 cm",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c3a.jpg",
            "width": "235",
            "height": "230"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention the type of mirrors used as (i) rear view mirrors and (ii) shaving mirrors. <br/>List two reasons to justify your answer in each case.",
          "ans": "(i) Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear view (wing) mirrors in vehicles because they give an erect, virtual and full size, diminished image of distant objects, with a wider field of view. <br/>(ii) Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors as when the face is placed close to a concave mirror, the mirror produces a magnified and erect image of the face, so it becomes easier to make a smooth shave.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What kind of mirror is used in a solar furnace? Give reason for using this mirror.",
          "ans": "Concave mirrors are used in solar furnaces because concave mirrors are the only type of mirrors that can reflect light towards a single focal point.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10srt1.jpg",
            "width": "204",
            "height": "212"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Define the term magnification. Write the formula for magnification of mirror explaining the symbols used in the formula. <br/>(ii) The magnification produced by a concave mirror is –2. What is meant by this statement and also write the information regarding image obtained from it?",
          "ans": "(i) It is defined as the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object. <br/>Magnification (m) = h′/h where h′ is the image height and h is the object height. Magnification can also be related to the image distance and object distance; therefore it can also be written as <u>m = –v/u</u>. <br/>(ii) It means size of image is twice that of the object and it is formed in front of the mirror. <br/>Information about image: <br/>(a) it is real and inverted. <br/>(b) it is twice the size of object. <br/>(c) it is formed in front of the mirror.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write any three differences between a real and a virtual image.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Real",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "A real image is formed due to actual intersection of the reflected rays.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "A real image can be obtained on a screen.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It is inverted (image).",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Virtual",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "A virtual image is formed when the reflected rays meet when they are produced backwards.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "A virtual image cannot be obtained on a screen.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It is erect (image).",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10<sup>8</sup> m/s, find the speed of light in a medium of absolute refractive index 1.5.",
          "ans": "(i) Laws of refraction of light are as follows:<br/>(a) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the interface of two media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. <br/>(b) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c8a.jpg",
            "width": "325",
            "height": "120"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following cases: a ray of light incident on a concave lens is <br/>(i) passing through its optical centre. <br/>(ii) parallel to its principal axis.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c9a.jpg",
            "width": "520",
            "height": "115"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the refraction of light. Explain the term ‘absolute refractive index of a medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.",
          "ans": "• The phenomenon of change in the path of light or bending of light when it travels from one medium to another medium of different optical density is called refraction of light. <br/>• The absolute refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in first medium to the velocity of light in that medium.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c10a.jpg",
            "width": "420",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of convex lens of focal length 100 cm to obtain an erect image of double its size.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c11a.jpg",
            "width": "420",
            "height": "325"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Where should an object be placed from a converging lens of focal length 20 cm, so far as to obtain a real magnified image?",
          "ans": "The object should be placed at a distance more than 20 cm (F) but less than 40 cm (2F) to obtain a real and magnified image.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "An image 2/3 of the size of the object is formed by convex lens at a distance of 12 cm from it. Find the focal length of the lens.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10c13a.jpg",
            "width": "275",
            "height": "235"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "If one half of the convex lens is covered by black cloth, it produces a complete image of the object. Justify your answer.",
          "ans": "Yes it will, even if half of the convex lens is covered with black paper, the lens will produce a complete image; however the intensity of the image may be less. It can be observed experimentally by using a lighted candle and a convex lens.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Identify the device used as a spherical mirror or lens in the following cases when the image formed is virtual and erect in each case.* <br/>(i) Object is placed between device and its focus, image formed is enlarged and behind it. <br/>(ii) Object is placed between the focus and device, image formed is enlarged and on the same side as that of the object. <br/>(iii) Object is placed between infinity and device, image formed is diminished and between focus and optical centre on the same side as that of the object. <br/>(iv) Object is placed between infinity and device, image formed is diminished and between pole and focus, behind it.",
          "ans": "(i) concave mirror <br/>(ii) convex lens <br/>(iii) concave lens <br/>(iv) convex mirror",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are power and focal length of a lens related? You are provided with two lenses of focal length 20 cm and 40 cm respectively. Which lens will you use to obtain more convergent light? *",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10d16.jpg",
            "width": "497",
            "height": "66"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Under what condition in an arrangement of two plane mirrors, incident ray and reflected ray will always be parallel to each other, whatever may be angle of incidence? Show the same with the help of diagram.*",
          "ans": "When two plane mirrors are placed at right angle to each other, then the incident and reflected rays will always be parallel to each other.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch10d17.jpg",
            "width": "140",
            "height": "140"
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the magnification of the image formed by the plane mirror and why?",
          "ans": "The magnification of the image formed by a plane mirror is 1 because the size of the image is same as that of the object and the distance between image–mirror and object–mirror is also same.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the nature of image formed in a plane mirror?",
          "ans": "The image formed in a plane mirror is virtual and erect.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the angle of reflection if a ray of light falls at an angle of 50° on a plane mirror?",
          "ans": "50°",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the minimum distance between an object and its real image in case of a concave mirror when the object is at C?",
          "ans": "The minimum distance between an object and its real image in this case is zero. When the object is at 2F distance, i.e. at the centre of curvature (C), then the image is real and inverted formed at the same point C.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror gets reflected along the same path.",
          "ans": "A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror retraces its path (gets reflected along the same path) because it strikes the mirror along the normal or right angles to the surface due to which angle of incidence and angle of reflection both are zero and the ray retraces its path.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Define reflection of light.",
          "ans": "When light strikes a highly polished surface like a mirror, it bounces back; this is called reflection.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror?",
          "ans": "Infinity",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What does positive magnification imply?",
          "ans": "Positive magnification means that the image formed is erect and virtual.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "A person wants a full length image of a tall building in a small mirror. What kind of mirror should he use?",
          "ans": "Convex mirror.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When a light ray passes obliquely through the atmosphere in an upward direction, how does its path generally change?",
          "ans": "Its path generally changes due to refraction. When the light ray enters the earth’s atmosphere, it undergoes refraction due to the varying optical densities of air at various altitudes.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How can we identify a convex lens by touching it?",
          "ans": "The convex lens is thick at the centre and thinner at the edges.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "An incident ray falls normally on the glass slab. What will be its angle of refraction?",
          "ans": "Zero",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Does the speed of light change with medium?",
          "ans": "Yes. Light slows down in any other medium, as compared to it travels in vacuum.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
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          "val": 13
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    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch10_co",
    "fib": "ch10_fib",
    "mcq": "ch10_mcq",
    "nf": "ch10_nf",
    "yn": "ch10_yn",
    "un": "ch10_un",
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    "ctco": "ch10_ctco",
    "laq": "ch10_laq",
    "afow": "ch10_afow",
    "snc": "ch10_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch10_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch10_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch10_mtf",
    "saq": "ch10_saq",
    "cs": "ch10_cs",
    "map": "ch10_map",
    "gowf": "ch10_gowf",
    "tf": "ch10_tf",
    "grf": "ch10_grf",
    "arbq": "ch10_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch10_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch11",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 11 - Human Eye and the Colourful World",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When light rays enter the eye, most of the refraction occurs at the",
          "ans": "(b) outer surface of the cornea.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) crystalline lens.",
            "(b) outer surface of the cornea.",
            "(c) iris.",
            "(d) pupil."
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The human eye forms the image of an object at its",
          "ans": "(d) retina.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) cornea.",
            "(b) iris.",
            "(c) pupil.",
            "(d) retina."
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about ______________.",
          "ans": "(c) 25 cm",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 25 m",
            "(b) 2.5 cm",
            "(c) 25 cm",
            "(d) 2.5 m"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to _____________________.",
          "ans": "(b) accommodation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) presbyopia",
            "(b) accommodation",
            "(c) nearsightedness",
            "(d) far-sightedness"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A person cannot see distinct objects kept beyond 2 m. This defect can be corrected by using a lens of power",
          "ans": "(b) –0.5 D",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) +0.5 D",
            "(b) –0.5 D",
            "(c) t + 0.2 D",
            "(d) –0.2 D"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Problems in vision occur in human eyes due to which defects?",
          "ans": "(b) refractive",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reflective",
            "(b) refractive",
            "(c) dispersive",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A person with far point nearer than infinity suffers from",
          "ans": "(c) myopia",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hypermetropia",
            "(b) cataract",
            "(c) myopia",
            "(d) presbyopia"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a common defect of human eyes?",
          "ans": "(b) cataract",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) myopia",
            "(b) cataract",
            "(c) hypermetropia",
            "(d) elongation of eye ball"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A person suffering from both myopia and hypermetropia requires which lens?",
          "ans": "(c) bifocal",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) convex",
            "(b) concave",
            "(c) bifocal",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Study the following ray diagram.",
          "ans": "(c) p, y and z",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch11a10.jpg",
            "width": "290",
            "height": "110"
          },
          "options": [
            "In this diagram, the angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation respectively have been represented by <br/>(a) y, p and z",
            "(b) x, q and z",
            "(c) p, y and z",
            "(d) p, z and y"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The angle between the two lateral surfaces of the prism is called",
          "ans": "(b) angle of prism",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) angle of incidence",
            "(b) angle of prism",
            "(c) angle of refraction",
            "(d) angle of deviation",
            "option"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The angle between the direction of incident ray and emergent ray is called",
          "ans": "(d) angle of deviation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) angle of incidence",
            "(b) angle of prism",
            "(c) angle of refraction",
            "(d) angle of deviation"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which colour of light deviates maximum through the prism?",
          "ans": "(c) Violet",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Indigo",
            "(b) Red",
            "(c) Violet",
            "(d) Green"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Splitting of white light through prism is called ______________.",
          "ans": "(c) dispersion",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) scattering",
            "(b) rainbow",
            "(c) dispersion",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Dispersion of white light through prism occurs because all colours have different",
          "ans": "(c) both",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) speeds",
            "(b) wavelengths",
            "(c) both",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which colour of light travels with maximum speed through prism?",
          "ans": "(d) Red",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Violet",
            "(b) Green",
            "(c) Indigo",
            "(d) Red"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which colour of light deviates least through prism?",
          "ans": "(a) Red",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Red",
            "(b) Green",
            "(c) Violet",
            "(d) Orange"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The band of seven colours formed due to splitting of light through prism is called ______________.",
          "ans": "(d) spectrum",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) rainbow",
            "(b) bands",
            "(c) wavebands",
            "(d) spectrum"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The scientist who discovered dispersion through prism was ______________.",
          "ans": "(c) Newton",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Joule",
            "(b) Einstein",
            "(c) Newton",
            "(d) C.V. Raman"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric",
          "ans": "(b) refraction of light by different layers of air having varying refractive indexes.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) dispersion of light by water droplets.",
            "(b) refraction of light by different layers of air having varying refractive indexes.",
            "(c) scattering of light by dust particles.",
            "(d) internal reflection of light by clouds."
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "We can see flickering of objects through a stream of hot air rising up due to",
          "ans": "(c) atmospheric refraction",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reflection",
            "(b) dispersion",
            "(c) atmospheric refraction",
            "(d) scattering"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a result of atmospheric refraction?",
          "ans": "(b) appearance of rainbow",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) twinkling of stars",
            "(b) appearance of rainbow",
            "(c) delayed sunset",
            "(d) advanced sunrise"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Atmospheric refraction occurs due to",
          "ans": "(c) both (a) and (b)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) varying densities of the layers of atmosphere",
            "(b) wavering of layers of air",
            "(c) both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The clear sky appears blue because",
          "ans": "(c) violet and blue lights are scattered more than other colours",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere",
            "(b) ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere",
            "(c) violet and blue lights are scattered more than other colours",
            "(d) all other colours are scattered more than blue and violet"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Danger signals are red in colour because red light is",
          "ans": "(b) scattered least by smoke or fog",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) scattered most by smoke or fog",
            "(b) scattered least by smoke or fog",
            "(c) absorbed most by smoke or fog",
            "(d) moves fastest in air"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "At noon the sun appears white as",
          "ans": "(c) blue colour is scattered the least",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) light is least scattered",
            "(b) all the colours of white light are scattered away",
            "(c) blue colour is scattered the least",
            "(d) red colour is scattered the most"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following phenomena contributes significantly to the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset?",
          "ans": "(b) Scattering of light",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Dispersion of light",
            "(b) Scattering of light",
            "(c) Total internal reflection of light",
            "(d) Reflection of light from the sun"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A student sitting on the last bench can read the letters written on the blackboard but is not able to read the letters written in his/her text book. Which of the following statements is correct?*",
          "ans": "(a) The near point of his/her eyes has receded away.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The near point of his/her eyes has receded away.",
            "(b) The near point of his/her eyes has come closer to him/her.",
            "(c) The far point of his/her eyes has come closer to him/her.",
            "(d) The far point of his/her eyes has receded away."
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A prism ABC (with BC as base) is placed in different orientations. A narrow beam of white light is incident on the prism as shown in the Figure. In which of the following cases, after dispersion, the third colour from the top corresponds to the colour of the sky?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11a29b.jpg",
            "width": "145",
            "height": "150"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch11a29a.jpg",
            "ch11a29b.jpg",
            "ch11a29c.jpg",
            "ch11a29d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following phenomena of light are involved in the formation of a rainbow?*",
          "ans": "(b) Refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Reflection, refraction and dispersion",
            "(b) Refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection",
            "(c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection",
            "(d) Dispersion, scattering and total internal reflection"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The clear sky appears blue because*",
          "ans": "(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colours by the atmosphere.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere.",
            "(b) ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere.",
            "(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colours by the atmosphere.",
            "(d) light of all other colours is scattered more than the violet and blue colour lights by the atmosphere."
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is correct regarding the propagation of light of different colours of white light in air?*",
          "ans": "(c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Red light moves fastest.",
            "(b) Blue light moves faster than green light.",
            "(c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed.",
            "(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as that of the red and the violet light."
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The danger signals installed at the top of tall buildings are red in colour. These can be easily seen from a distance because among all other colours, the red light*",
          "ans": "(b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) is scattered the most by smoke or fog.",
            "(b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.",
            "(c) is absorbed the most by smoke or fog.",
            "(d) moves fastest in air."
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to*",
          "ans": "(c) scattering of light.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the presence of algae and other plants found in water.",
            "(b) reflection of sky in water.",
            "(c) scattering of light.",
            "(d) absorption of light by the sea."
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The focal length of the eye lens increases when eye muscles*",
          "ans": "(a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner.",
            "(b) contract and lens becomes thicker.",
            "(c) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker.",
            "(d) contract and lens becomes thinner."
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is correct?*",
          "ans": "(c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A person with myopia can see distant objects clearly.",
            "(b) A person with hypermetropia can see nearby objects clearly.",
            "(c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.",
            "(d) A person with hypermetropia cannot see distant objects clearly."
          ],
          "val": 36
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the function of each of the following parts of the human eye. <br/>(i) Cornea &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Iris &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) Crystalline lens &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Ciliary muscles",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Cornea</b> focuses light rays / permits the light to enter the eye. <br/>(ii) <b>Iris</b> controls amount of light entering the eye/ controls the size of the pupil. <br/>(iii) <b>Crystalline</b> lens converges light rays on to retina. <br/>(iv) <b>Ciliary</b> muscles adjust focal length of eye lens by contraction and relaxation so that sharp image can be obtained on the retina. It helps in accommodation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Name the eye defect in which eye lens becomes cloudy or milky. Mention the method for its correction. <br/>(ii) A person uses a lense of power –1.0 D for correcting his/her distant vision and for correcting near vision, he/she uses a lense of power +2.0 D. Calculate the focal length of the lenses required to correct the defects. <br/>(iii) Explain why a normal eye is not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than the near point.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b2a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "174"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "State the reasons which lead to hypermetropia with the help of suitable diagram. Explain this defect of vision and its correction.",
          "ans": "This defect arises either because <br/>(i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long or <br/>(ii) the eyeball has become too small. <br/>Such a person has to keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for comfortable reading. This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b3a.jpg",
            "width": "402",
            "height": "86"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is myopia? How can it be corrected? Draw diagrams to explain the same.",
          "ans": "The defect of the human eye in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly is called Myopia. <br/>In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is for med in front of the retina. <br/>Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable focal length.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b4a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "185"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain dispersion through a prism with a labelled diagram.",
          "ans": "White light is polychromatic light. When it is incident on one face of the prism, different colours bend through different angles as they pass through the prism. The red bends the least while the violet the most. Thus the rays of each colour emerge along different paths and become distinct. Hence we obtain a band of seven colours on the screen, which is called a spectrum. This phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b5a.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "155"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow.",
          "ans": "Rainbow is a natural spectrum that appears in the sky after rainfall. After rainfall, some tiny droplets of rain remain suspended in air. When sunlight falls on these drops, dispersion takes place along with refraction because tiny drops of water behave like prism. The sunlight also undergoes total internal reflection from the water droplets and different colours reach our eyes at different angles and rainbow is observed. A rainbow is formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b6a.jpg",
            "width": "235",
            "height": "215"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "How does refraction take place in the atmosphere? Why do stars twinkle but not the planets?",
          "ans": "Our atmosphere consists of various layers of air. As we go up in the atmosphere these layers gradually become rarer. When light comes from distant stars and enters in our atmosphere, it refracts from these layers of increasing refractive index. After every refraction, the light bends towards the normal and to the observer on the earth the stars appear twinkling. Strong winds and convection currents keep changing refractive index of these layers. This changes the apparent position of the star and the observer on the earth observes that the stars are twinkling. The planets do not twinkle because <br/>(i) they are not sources of light but reflect low intensity light of the sun. <br/>(ii) They are much closer to the earth and subtend larger angles on the eyes of the observer. <br/>A planet is considered as a collection of large number of point sized sources of light. The total variations in the amount of light entering our eyes from all individual point sized sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Stars seem higher than they actually are. Explain.",
          "ans": "Light coming from the stars is supposed to travel in a straight line. But the refractive index of air is not same throughout. It changes as hot air is rarer than cold air. So refraction takes place. In this case, star light continuously travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium. Hence it continuously bends towards the normal. The continuous bending of light towards the normal results in a rise of the apparent position of the star.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b8a.jpg",
            "width": "280",
            "height": "210"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Draw diagram of an experimental arrangement for observing scattering of light in colloidal solution. Name the two chemicals used in this activity.",
          "ans": "• Place a strong source (S) of white light at the focus of a converging lens (L1). This lens provides a parallel beam of light. <br/>• Allow the light beam to pass through a transparent glass tank (T) containing clear water. <br/>• Allow the beam of light to pass through a circular hole (C) made in a cardboard. Obtain a sharp image of the circular hole on a screen (MN) using a second converging lens (L2), as shown in the Figure given below. <br/>• Dissolve about 200 g of sodium thiosulphate (hypo) in about 2 L of clean water taken in the tank. Add about 1 to 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to the water. <br/>• We can observe blue light from the three sides of the glass tank due to scattering of short wavelength blue light. The transmitted light beam from the fourth side is seen to be first orange red and then bright crimson. <br/>The two chemicals used in this experiment are sodium thiosulphate and concentrated sulphuric acid.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b9a.jpg",
            "width": "315",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Write an activity for observing scattering of light in colloidal solution. <br/>(ii) On the basis of this activity, explain why sky appears red at sunrise and at sunset and appears white at noon.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Activity:</b> Place a strong source (S) of white light at the focus of a converging lens (L1). Allow light beam to pass through solution containing 200 g of sodium thiosulphate in 2 L of clear water with 1 to 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid. Then pass the beam of light through a circular hole (C) made in cardboard. Obtain image on screen using second converging lens (L<sub>2</sub>). <br/><b>Observation and Conclusion:</b> As the sulphur particles begin to form, light gets scattered from the minute sulphur particles and you can observe the blue light from the three sides of the glass tank. This is due to scattering of short wavelengths by minute colloidal sulphur particles. <br/>(ii) Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through thicker layers of air and larger distance in the earth’s atmosphere before reaching our eyes. <br/>Near the horizon, most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are scattered away by the particles. Therefore, the light that reaches our eyes is of longer wavelengths. This gives rise to the reddish appearance of the Sun. However, light from the Sun overhead would travel relatively shorter distance. At noon, the Sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours are scattered.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11b10a.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "270"
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the function of (i) crystalline lens and (ii) pupil.",
          "ans": "(i) It provides appropriate focal length to focus the objects on the retina. <br/>(ii) It controls the amount of light entering the eye.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the function of the retina?",
          "ans": "Retina is like a screen which consists of light-sensitive cells and forms an image of the object we see.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain how the eye lens changes when we see distant or nearer objects.",
          "ans": "When we see distant objects, the ciliary muscles are relaxed and the lens becomes thin. When we see a nearer object, the ciliary muscles contract and the lens becomes thick.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Study the diagram below and answer the following questions: <br/>(i) Name the defect of vision depicted in the diagram. <br/>(ii) List two causes of the defect. <br/>(iii) Draw a ray diagram for the correction of the above defect using an appropriate lens.",
          "ans": "(i) Hypermetropia <br/>(ii) Focal length of the eye lens is too long. The eyeball becomes too small. <br/>(iii) Diagram showing correction:",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch11c4.jpg",
            "width": "200",
            "height": "77"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11c4a.jpg",
            "width": "240",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A person is unable to see objects nearer than 50 cm. He wants to read a book placed at 25 cm. Find the nature, focal length and power of the lens he/she requires for the spectacles.",
          "ans": "This person has defect of hypermetropia which is farsightedness that means the image is formed beyond the retina. So the person requires a convergent lens to get focused at retina. <br/>Now corrective measure is",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11c5a.jpg",
            "width": "215",
            "height": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define angle of deviation.",
          "ans": "The angle between the direction of the incident ray and the emergent ray is called the angle of deviation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does the light ray bend when it enters the prism and leaves the prism?",
          "ans": "When the light ray enters the prism, it bends towards the normal. When it leaves the prism, it bends away from the normal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are the angle of deviation and the angle of emergence related to the angle of prism and the angle of incidence?",
          "ans": "i + e = A + D",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a ray diagram and explain the term angle of deviation.",
          "ans": "The angle of deviation is the angle between the direction of the emergent ray and the direction of the incident ray, when a ray of light passes from one medium to another.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How will you use two identical prisms so that a narrow beam of white light incident on one prism emerges out of the second prism as white light. Draw the diagram.",
          "ans": "This can be done by placing two prisms of same refracting angles and of same material inverted with respect to each other.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11c10a.jpg",
            "width": "255",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall?",
          "ans": "Rainbow is caused by combined effects of refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection of sunlight in the sky. Prism-like objects are needed for the dispersion of light. After rainfall, tiny water droplets suspended in air act like prism. Hence we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In the given figure a narrow beam of white light is shown to pass through a triangular glass prism. After passing through the prism, it produces a spectrum PQ on a screen. <br/>(i) State the colours seen at P and Q. <br/>(ii) Why do different colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to incident beam of light?",
          "ans": "P gives violet. <br/>Q gives red. <br/>Differ ent colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to incident beam of light due to difference in speed of light of different colours having different wavelengths.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch11c12.jpg",
            "width": "230",
            "height": "135"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why do the component colours of incident white light split into a spectrum while passing through a glass prism? Explain.",
          "ans": "Different colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident light, as they pass through the glass prism. Thus, each colour emerges along a different path, forming a spectrum.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain early sunrise and delayed sunset.",
          "ans": "The sun is visible to us about 2 min before the actual sunrise and about 2 min after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction. The sun which is still below horizon before sunrise appears to be above horizon due to atmospheric refraction and hence appears to rise 2 min earlier. Similarly, the sun appears to set 2 min later than the actual sunset.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give two reasons for the occurrence of atmospheric refraction.",
          "ans": "(i) Varying optical densities of layers of air <br/>(ii) Wavering / movement of the layers of air.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A star appears to be slightly higher than its actual position in the sky. Explain why.",
          "ans": "This is due to atmospheric refraction. As the light of the star enters the atmosphere, it is refracted continuously. Hence the apparent position of the star is slightly higher than its actual position in the sky.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why don’t planets twinkle?",
          "ans": "Planets are larger in size than stars. They can be considered as a collection of large number of point sources, which cancel out the twinkling effect of each other and hence do not twinkle.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain why the colour of the clear sky is blue.",
          "ans": "The particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of visible light. When sunlight passes through the upper atmosphere, these particles scatter smaller wavelength blue colour. This blue colour enters our eyes and we see blue sky.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Enlist at least six phenomena observed due to the scattering of light.",
          "ans": "The various phenomena observed in nature due to scattering of light are the following: <br/>(i) The sun appears red near the horizon and white when seen overhead. <br/>(ii) Bluish colour of the sky. <br/>(iii) Visible path of light as it enters a dark room. <br/>(iv) Danger signals or stop signals are usually red. <br/>(v) Blueness of distant mountains. <br/>(vi) Sunlight filtering through clouds.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why does Tyndall effect occur in the atmosphere?",
          "ans": "The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles which include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible. This gives rise to Tyndall effect.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw ray diagrams each showing (i) myopic eye and (ii) hypermetropic eye.*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11c21a.jpg",
            "width": "470",
            "height": "85"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A girl needs a lens of power –4.5 D for correction of her vision.* <br/>(a) What kind of defect in vision is she suffering from? <br/>(b) What is the focal length of the corrective lens? <br/>(c) What is the nature of the corrective lens?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch11c22a.jpg",
            "width": "249",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Is the position of a star as seen by us its true position? Justify your answer.*",
          "ans": "No. Light from stars undergoes atmospheric refraction which occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. As light from a star enters the earth’s atmosphere, it bends towards the normal every time. On producing the final refracted ray backwards, the star seems higher than its true position.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name (i) the light-sensitive portion of the eye, (ii) thin membrane of the eye and (iii) the portion that gives colour to the eye.",
          "ans": "(i) Retina, (ii) cornea and (iii) iris.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What kind of image is formed on the retina of the eye?",
          "ans": "Real and inverted.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the diameter of the human eye ball?",
          "ans": "Approx 2.3 cm.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the nerves carrying signals from eyes to the brain.",
          "ans": "Optic nerves",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the muscles that control the eye lens.",
          "ans": "Ciliary muscles",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are the near point and the far point of a normal human eye?",
          "ans": "Near point – 25 cm, far point – infinity",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give two reasons why myopia occurs.",
          "ans": "(i) Due to excessive curvature of the lens <br/>(ii) Elongation of the eye ball.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give two reasons why hypermetropia occurs.",
          "ans": "(i) Focal length of the eye lens is too long <br/>(ii) Eye ball becomes too small.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give the reason why presbyopia occurs.",
          "ans": "It occurs due to weakening of ciliary muscles in old age.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How can refractive defects be corrected?",
          "ans": "(i) By using corrective lenses <br/>(ii) By surgical methods.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens to a ray of light when it passes through a glass slab?",
          "ans": "It is displaced laterally.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the angle between the two lateral faces of a prism called?",
          "ans": "Angle of the prism",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How is refraction of light through the prism different from that through a glass slab?",
          "ans": "During refraction of light through the glass prism, the emergent ray bends at an angle to the incident ray. While in a glass slab, the emergent ray is just laterally displaced.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which colour of the white light suffers <br/>(i) least deviation? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) maximum deviation when a beam of white light passes through a glass prism?",
          "ans": "(i) Red &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Violet",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the two phenomena involved in the formation of rainbow.",
          "ans": "The two phenomena are dispersion and total internal reflection.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is dispersion of light? Name the component of white light that deviates the least and the component of white light that deviates the most while passing through a glass prism.",
          "ans": "The splitting of white light into its component colours on passing through a prism or refracting medium is called dispersion of light. Red colour deviates the least, while violet colour deviates the most.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the component of white light that deviates the least and the component that deviates the most while passing through a prism.",
          "ans": "(i) Least deviation – Red &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Maximum deviation – Violet",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention some natural phenomena we observe due to atmospheric refraction.",
          "ans": "Twinkling of stars, early sunrise and delayed sunset.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens to the starlight when it passes through various layers of atmosphere?",
          "ans": "The layers of atmosphere have increasing optical density going from top to bottom. So the starlight on passing through the atmosphere bends towards the normal and follows a curved path.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What would have been the colour of the sky if the earth had no atmosphere?",
          "ans": "It would be dark.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "An object over a stream of hot air appears to flicker due to which phenomenon?",
          "ans": "Atmospheric refraction.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give one example of a phenomenon where Tyndall effect takes place.",
          "ans": "When sunlight enters a dusty room, its path becomes visible. When sunlight passes through the canopy of trees in the forest, its path becomes visible through the water droplets in the air.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why does the sky appear dark to an astronaut?",
          "ans": "Since there are no particles/air molecules in the atmosphere of space, no scattering takes place. So the sky appears to be dark.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is Tyndall effect?",
          "ans": "The scattering of light by colloidal solution is called Tyndall effect.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "On which factor does the colour of the scattered white light depend?",
          "ans": "Size of the particles of the medium through which the light is passing.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 25
        }
      ],
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      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch11_co",
    "fib": "ch11_fib",
    "mcq": "ch11_mcq",
    "nf": "ch11_nf",
    "yn": "ch11_yn",
    "un": "ch11_un",
    "dtf": "ch11_dtf",
    "afq": "ch11_afq",
    "jtf": "ch11_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch11_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch11_ctco",
    "laq": "ch11_laq",
    "afow": "ch11_afow",
    "snc": "ch11_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch11_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch11_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch11_mtf",
    "saq": "ch11_saq",
    "cs": "ch11_cs",
    "map": "ch11_map",
    "gowf": "ch11_gowf",
    "tf": "ch11_tf",
    "grf": "ch11_grf",
    "arbq": "ch11_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch11_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch12",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 12 - Electricity",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A cell, a resistor, a key and ammeter are arranged as shown in the circuit diagrams given. The current recorded in the ammeter will be:",
          "ans": "(d) all are same",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12a1.jpg",
            "width": "412",
            "height": "168"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) maximum in (i)",
            "(b) maximum in (iii)",
            "(c) maximum in (ii)",
            "(d) all are same"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The flow of electric current in a circuit is due to the flow of _______________.",
          "ans": "(b) electrons",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) protons",
            "(b) electrons",
            "(c) neutrons",
            "(d) nucleus"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In which case will the electric current stop flowing in the circuit?",
          "ans": "(a) The filament of the bulb is broken.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The filament of the bulb is broken.",
            "(b) The switch is closed.",
            "(c) The circuit consists of copper wires.",
            "(d) None"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The SI unit of electric charge is _________________.",
          "ans": "(c) coulomb",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) joule",
            "(b) ampere",
            "(c) coulomb",
            "(d) calorie"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following represents voltage?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12a5a.jpg",
            "width": "145",
            "height": "45"
          },
          "options": [
            "ch12a5a.jpg",
            "(b) Work done × Charge",
            "ch12a5c.jpg",
            "ch12a5d.jpg"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The chemical reaction within a cell produces ___________ across its ends.",
          "ans": "(c) potential difference",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) current",
            "(b) work",
            "(c) potential difference",
            "(d) charges"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The motion of electric charges in a conductor is due to _____________________.",
          "ans": "(c) charges",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) current",
            "(b) potential difference",
            "(c) charges",
            "(d) work"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The instrument used to measure potential difference is __________________.",
          "ans": "(d) voltmeter",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ammeter",
            "(b) galvanometer",
            "(c) potentiometer",
            "(d) voltmeter"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A combination of cells is called a:",
          "ans": "(a) battery",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) battery",
            "(b) rheostat",
            "(c) resistance",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A variable resistance is called a:",
          "ans": "(d) rheostat",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) battery",
            "(b) ammeter",
            "(c) voltmeter",
            "(d) rheostat"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Ohm’s Law gives the relationship between ___________________.",
          "ans": "(b) V and I",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) V and Q",
            "(b) V and I",
            "(c) I and Q",
            "(d) W and Q"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The slope of V – I graph gives ___________________.",
          "ans": "(d) resistance",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) current",
            "(b) voltage",
            "(c) work",
            "(d) resistance"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The shape of V – I graph for an Ohmic conductor will be _______________.",
          "ans": "(a) a straight line",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) a straight line",
            "(b) a curve",
            "(c) a straight line parallel to Y axis",
            "(d) a straight line parallel to X axis"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The resistance of an insulator is ___________________.",
          "ans": "(b) infinity",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) zero",
            "(b) infinity",
            "(c) immeasurable",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The resistance of a good conductor is ___________________.",
          "ans": "(a) zero",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) zero",
            "(b) infinity",
            "(c) immeasurable",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Electrical resistivity of a given metallic wire depends upon ________________.",
          "ans": "(d) the nature of the material",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) its length",
            "(b) its thickness",
            "(c) its shape",
            "(d) the nature of the material"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following has low resistance?",
          "ans": "(b) Copper",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Glass",
            "(b) Copper",
            "(c) Rubber",
            "(d) Wood"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Resistance and resistivity of a conductor both depend upon ________________.",
          "ans": "(d) temperature",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) length",
            "(b) the area of cross section",
            "(c) shape",
            "(d) temperature"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following has the highest resistivity?",
          "ans": "(d) Chromium",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Copper",
            "(b) Aluminium",
            "(c) Silver",
            "(d) Chromium"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What is the maximum resistance which can be made using five resistors each of 1/5 W?",
          "ans": "(d) 1 W",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1/5 W",
            "(b) 10 W",
            "(c) 5 W",
            "(d) 1 W"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What is the minimum resistance which can be made using five resistors each of 1/5 W?",
          "ans": "(b) 1/25 W",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1/5 W",
            "(b) 1/25 W",
            "(c) 1/10 W",
            "(d) 25 W"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Domestic circuits in our house are always connected in ____________.",
          "ans": "(b) parallel",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) series",
            "(b) parallel",
            "(c) ring system",
            "(d) tree system"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The quantity that is the same through all the resistances in series connection is ____________.",
          "ans": "(a) electric current",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electric current",
            "(b) voltage",
            "(c) resistance",
            "(d) work"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The quantity that is the same through all the resistances in parallel connection is ____________.",
          "ans": "(b) voltage",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electric current",
            "(b) voltage",
            "(c) resistance",
            "(d) work"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An electric kettle consumes 1 kW electric power when operated at 220 V. What should be the rating of the fuse wire used for it?",
          "ans": "(d) 5 A",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1 A",
            "(b) 2 A",
            "(c) 1 A",
            "(d) 5 A"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The unit of electric power may also be expressed as:",
          "ans": "(a) Volt ampere",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Volt ampere",
            "(b) Kilowatt hour",
            "(c) Watt second",
            "(d) Joule second"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An electric bulb is rated 220 volt 100 W. When it is operated on 110 V, the power consumed will be ____________.",
          "ans": "(d) 25 W",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 100 W",
            "(b) 75 W",
            "(c) 50 W",
            "(d) 25 W"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following does not work on the heating effect of electric current?",
          "ans": "(a) Television",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Television",
            "(b) Iron",
            "(c) Toaster",
            "(d) Geyser"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the following circuits, heat produced in the resistor or combination of resistors connected to a 12 V battery will be _____________.*",
          "ans": "(d) maximum in case (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12a29.jpg",
            "width": "430",
            "height": "127"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) same in all the cases",
            "(b) minimum in case (i)",
            "(c) maximum in case (ii)",
            "(d) maximum in case (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A current of 1 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb. Number of electrons passing through a cross section of the filament in 16 seconds would be roughly ____________.*",
          "ans": "(a) 10<sup>20</sup>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 10<sup>20</sup>",
            "(b) 10<sup>16</sup>",
            "(c) 10<sup>18</sup>",
            "(d) 10<sup>23</sup>"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Identify the circuit in which the electrical components have been properly connected.*",
          "ans": "(b) (ii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12a31.jpg",
            "width": "360",
            "height": "260"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i)",
            "(b) (ii)",
            "(c) (iii)",
            "(d) (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The proper representation of the series combination of cells obtaining maximum potential is ____________.*",
          "ans": "(a) (i)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12a32.jpg",
            "width": "450",
            "height": "160"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) (i)",
            "(b) (ii)",
            "(c) (iii)",
            "(d) (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A cylindrical conductor of length <i>l</i> and uniform area of cross section A has resistance <i>R</i>. Another conductor of length 2<i>l</i> and resistance R of the same material has area of cross section:*",
          "ans": "(c) 2A",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) A/2",
            "(b) 3A/2",
            "(c) 2A",
            "(d) 3A"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of three samples of nichrome wire with resistances R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>3</sub> respectively. Which of the following is true?*",
          "ans": "(c) <i>R<sub>3</sub> > R<sub>2</sub> > R<sub>1</sub></i>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12a34.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "200"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) <i>R<sub>1</sub> = R<sub>2</sub> = R<sub>3</sub></i>",
            "(b) <i>R<sub>1</sub> > R<sub>2</sub> > R<sub>3</sub></i>",
            "(c) <i>R<sub>3</sub> > R<sub>2</sub> > R<sub>1</sub></i>",
            "(d) <i>R<sub>2</sub> > R<sub>3</sub> > R<sub>1</sub></i>"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If the current I through a resistor is increased by 100% (assume that temperature remains unchanged), the increase in power dissipated will be ___________.*",
          "ans": "(c) 300 %",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 100 %",
            "(b) 200 %",
            "(c) 300 %",
            "(d) 400 %"
          ],
          "val": 35
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The resistivity does not change if:*",
          "ans": "(c) the shape of the resistor is changed.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the material is changed.",
            "(b) the temperature is changed.",
            "(c) the shape of the resistor is changed.",
            "(d) both material and temperature are changed."
          ],
          "val": 36
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In an electrical circuit, three incandescent bulbs A, B and C of rating 40 W, 60 W and 100 W respectively are connected in parallel to an electric source. Which of the following is likely to happen regarding their brightness?*",
          "ans": "(c) Brightness of bulb B will be more than that of A.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Brightness of all the bulbs will be the same.",
            "(b) Brightness of bulb A will be the maximum.",
            "(c) Brightness of bulb B will be more than that of A.",
            "(d) Brightness of bulb C will be less than that of B."
          ],
          "val": 37
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In an electrical circuit, two resistors of 2 W and 4 W respectively are connected in series to a 6 V battery. The heat dissipated by the 4 W resistor in 5 s will be ____________.*",
          "ans": "(c) 20 J",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 5 J",
            "(b) 10 J",
            "(c) 20 J",
            "(d) 30 J"
          ],
          "val": 38
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An electric kettle consumes 1 kW of electric power when operated at 220 V. A fuse wire of what rating must be used for it?* ",
          "ans": "(d) 5 A",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1 A",
            "(b) 2 A",
            "(c) 4 A",
            "(d) 5 A"
          ],
          "val": 39
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Two resistors of resistance 2 W and 4 W when connected to a battery will have:*",
          "ans": "(b) same current flowing through them when connected in series.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) same current flowing through them when connected in parallel.",
            "(b) same current flowing through them when connected in series.",
            "(c) same potential difference across them when connected in series.",
            "(d) different potential difference across them when connected in parallel"
          ],
          "val": 40
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) What does an electric circuit mean? <br/>(ii) Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor in a circuit. <br/>(iii) When do we say that the potential difference across a conductor is 1 volt?",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Electric circuit:</b> The closed path along which an electric current flows is called an electric circuit. <br/> (ii) The device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor in a circuit is the battery. A battery expands its chemical energy to maintain the potential difference in the circuit. <br/>(iii) <b>1 volt:</b> The potential difference between two points in a current carrying wire is said to be one volt if one joule of work has to be done in bringing a positive charge of one coulomb from one point to another.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b1a.jpg",
            "width": "200",
            "height": "40"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) What is meant by potential difference? <br/>(ii) State its SI unit. <br/>(iii) Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.",
          "ans": "(i) Potential difference: Potential difference between two points in an electric circuit carrying some current is the work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another. <br/>(ii) The SI unit of potential difference is volt (V). <br/>(iii) A battery",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Calculate the resistance of a conductor when the current flowing through it is 0.25 A and the applied potential difference is 1.0 V.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b3a.jpg",
            "width": "270",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the existence of resistance in a conductor. What are good conductors and insulators?",
          "ans": "The electrons in a conductor are not completely free to move. They collide with each other during motion and are also attracted by other atoms. Thus, they experience an opposing force to their motion called resistance. <br/>The conductors which offer less resistance are called good conductors and those which offer high resistance are called insulators.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Give uses of some metals and metal alloys in electrical appliances.",
          "ans": "(i) Nichrome: An alloy of nickel and chromium is generally used in coils of heating devices like iron, toasters, etc. <br/>(ii) Tungsten is used as a filament in lighting devices like bulbs. <br/>(iii) Copper and aluminium are used to make transmission wires.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b5a.jpg",
            "width": "",
            "height": ""
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) With the help of a circuit diagram, prove that when a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of equivalent resistance of the combination is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances of the resistors. <br/>(ii) Find the resistance between A and B in the given network.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12b6.jpg",
            "width": "270",
            "height": "165"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b6a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "354"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Two identical resistors each of resistance 10 ohm are connected in turn (a) in series and (b) in parallel to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the ratio of power consumed by the combination of resistors in the two cases. <br/>(ii) List two factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. <br/>(iii) Write a difference between an ammeter and a voltmeter.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b7a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "375"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) How will you connect a given set of resistors so that the equivalent resistance is increased? Give reason. <br/>(ii) In the given circuit diagram, calculate the: <br/>(a) value of current through each resistor. <br/>(b) total current in the circuit. <br/>(c) total effective resistance of the circuit.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12b8.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "180"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b8a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "261"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "An electric lamp of 24 W and a conductor of 6 W are connected in parallel to a 12 V battery. Calculate: <br/>(i) the total resistance. <br/>(ii) the total current in the circuit. <br/>(iii) the potential difference across the conductor.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b9a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "179"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Calculate the highest and the lowest resistance that can be obtained by the combination of four coils of resistances 4 W, 8 W, 12 W and 24 W.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b10a.jpg",
            "width": "350",
            "height": "248"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>3</sub> connected in series. <br/>(ii) Fuses of 3 A, 5 A and 10 A are available. Calculate and select the fuse for operating an electric iron of 1 kW power at 220 V line.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12b11a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "291"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Give the advantages of parallel connection over series connection.",
          "ans": "The advantages of parallel combination over series combination are given below: <br/>(i) In parallel combination, each appliance gets the full voltage while in series combination, the voltage is divided. <br/>(ii) If one appliance is switched on/off in a parallel combination, others are not affected. <br/>(iii) The parallel circuit divides the current through the appliances, therefore, each appliance gets proper current depending on its resistance. <br/>(iv) In a parallel combination, it is very easy to connect a new appliance without affecting the working of other appliances.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Explain the term: heating effect of electric current. <br/>(ii) Derive an expression for the heat produced by electric current and state Joule’s law. <br/>(iii) Explain why an inert gas like argon is filled in bulbs.",
          "ans": "(i) Heating effect of electric current: When an electric current is passed through a high resistance wire like nichrome, the resistance wire becomes very hot and produces heat. This is called heating effect of electric current. <br/>(ii) P = V × I, E = Pt = VI × t = VIt <br/>E = IR × It = I<sup>2</sup>Rt <br/>Joule’s law: When the current of I ampere flows in a wire of resistance R W for t seconds, the heat energy dissipated by it is given by H = I<sup>2</sup>Rt. <br/>(iii) Bulbs are usually filled with chemically inactive nitrogen and argon gas so that the filament does not burn out. The life of the filament is prolonged.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) State the factors on which the heat released in a conductor depends. <br/>(ii) Explain the working of an electric fuse.",
          "ans": "(i) H = I<sup>2</sup> Rt <br/>The heat released is (i) directly proportional to the square of the current flowing through the conductor, (ii) directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor, and (iii) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows. <br/>(ii) Electric fuse is a common application of Joule’s law of heating. It protects circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of high electric current. The fuse is placed in series with the device. It consists of a piece of wire made of an alloy of low melting point. If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit. The fuse wire is encased in a porcelain casing because it ensures safety of the appliances.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Define electric current.",
          "ans": "It is defined as the amount of charge flowing through an area in particular time.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between conventional current and electronic current.",
          "ans": "Electronic current is due to the flow of electrons and flows from negative to positive terminal. Conventional current is due to the flow of positive charges and flows from positive to negative terminal.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Calculate the number of electrons constituting 1 coulomb of charge.",
          "ans": "&nbsp; Q = ne <br/>1 C = n × 1.6 × 10<sup>–19</sup> <br/>n = 1/1.6 × 10<sup>–19</sup> <br/>n = 6.25 × 10<sup>–18</sup> <br/>6.25 × 10<sup>–18</sup> electrons make up 1 C of charge.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give the expression for electric current. Define its SI unit.",
          "ans": "I = Q/t &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Here, I is the current, and Q is the charge flowing in t seconds. <br/>The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). <br/>It is defined as the flow of one coulomb of charge through a conductor in one second. Thus, 1A = 1C/1s",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write an expression for potential difference and define it.",
          "ans": "Potential difference is defined as the amount of work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric circuit. <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V = W/Q",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "When do electric charges flow in a circuit?",
          "ans": "Electric charges flow when a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain how electric charges flow in a circuit.",
          "ans": "When a battery is connected across the ends of a conductor, the potential difference sets the electrons in motion and produces an electric current. The cell uses its chemical energy to keep the charges moving.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is potential difference measured in a circuit?",
          "ans": "Potential difference is measured by connecting a voltmeter in parallel across the points between which it is to be measured.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw symbol of: (i) Rheostat (ii) Voltmeter (iii) Electric bulb",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c9a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "65"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name and define the SI unit of resistance. Calculate the resistance of a resistor if the current flowing through it is 200 mA, when the applied potential difference is 0.8 V.",
          "ans": "The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). <br/>One ohm is the resistance offered by a conductor when the current passing through it is one ampere and the potential difference across its ends is one volt. <br/>By Ohm’s law, V = IR",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c10a.jpg",
            "width": "145",
            "height": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State Ohm’s Law.",
          "ans": "It states that the potential difference (V) across the ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature remains the same. V α I",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How can we find the resistance of a conductor using Ohm’s Law?",
          "ans": "The graph of V-I for an Ohmic conductor is a straight line. The slope of the line is given by the ratio V/I, which gives the resistance of the conductor as V/I = R.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "The resistance of a wire of 0.01 cm radius is 10 W. If the resistivity of the material of the wire is 50 × 10<sup>–8</sup> ohm meter, find the length of the wire.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c13a.jpg",
            "width": "475",
            "height": "150"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give reason for the following: <br/>(i) Why are copper and aluminium wires used as connecting wires? <br/>(ii) Why is tungsten used for the filament of electric lamps? <br/>(iii) Why is lead-tin alloy used for fuse wires?",
          "ans": "(i) They are good conductors of electricity. They have low resistance, low resistivity and also have good flexibility. <br/>(ii) It has very high melting point and very high resistivity. <br/>(iii) It has low melting point.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Calculate the resistance of a 1 km long copper wire of area of cross section 2 × 10<sup>–2</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>. The resistivity of copper is 1.6<sup>23</sup> × 10<sup>–8</sup> ohm-meter.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c15a.jpg",
            "width": "360",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.",
          "ans": "The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its area of cross section. It also depends on the material of the conductor.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain why alloys are considered better for use in electrical appliances than metals.",
          "ans": "(i) Alloys have high resistivity. <br/>(ii) They do not oxidise easily at high temperatures.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Three resistors of 3 W each are connected to a battery of 3 V as shown. Calculate the current drawn from the battery.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12c18.jpg",
            "width": "270",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c18a.jpg",
            "width": "210",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Find the effective resistance between the points A and B in the network shown in the figure.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12c19.jpg",
            "width": "240",
            "height": "75"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c19a.jpg",
            "width": "270",
            "height": "195"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Find the current drawn from the battery by the network of four resistors as shown in the figure.",
          "ans": "Two combination of two parallel resistance of 10 Ω each connected in series",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12c20.jpg",
            "width": "220",
            "height": "110"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c20a.jpg",
            "width": "250",
            "height": "271"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Five resistors are connected in a circuit as shown below. Find the ammeter reading when the circuit is closed.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12c21.jpg",
            "width": "225",
            "height": "150"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c21a.jpg",
            "width": "365",
            "height": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How many resistors of 88 W are connected in parallel to carry 10 A current on a 220 V line?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c22a.jpg",
            "width": "380",
            "height": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) State one difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour. Express 1 kWh in joules. <br/>(ii) A bulb is rated 5 V, 500 mA. Calculate the rated power and resistance of the bulb when it glows.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c23a.jpg",
            "width": "305",
            "height": "165"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A circuit has a line of 5 A. How many lamps of rating 40 W, 200 V can simultaneously run on this line safely?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c24a.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A lamp rated 60 W and an electric iron rated 800 W are used for 6 hours everyday. Calculate the total energy consumed in 30 days.",
          "ans": "P<sub>1</sub> = 60 W <br/>E<sub>1</sub> = 60 × 6 = 360 Wh <br/>P<sub>2</sub> = 800 W <br/>E<sub>2</sub> = 800 × 6 = 4800 Wh <br/>Total energy consumed E = E<sub>1</sub> + E<sub>2</sub> = 360 + 4800 = 5160 Wh <br/>Energy consumed in 30 days = 5160 × 30 = 154800 Wh = 154.8 kWh",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A 400 W refrigerator operates for 16 hours per day. Calculate the cost to operate it for 30 days at र 3.40 per kWh.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12c26a.jpg",
            "width": "480",
            "height": "62"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Three 2 W resistors, A, B and C, are connected as shown in the figure. Each of them dissipates energy and can withstand a maximum power of 18 W without melting. Find the maximum current that can flow through the three resistors?*",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch12d27.jpg",
            "width": "300",
            "height": "98"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12d27a.jpg",
            "width": "450",
            "height": "94"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the commercial unit of electrical energy? Represent it in terms of joules.*",
          "ans": "kW h. (1 kW h = 1000 W × 60 × 60s = 3.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> J)",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How is an ammeter connected in a circuit to measure the current flowing through it?",
          "ans": "In series",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the function of a switch in the circuit?",
          "ans": "To establish a conducting link between the cell and the bulb/resistor",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which current do we show in the circuit?",
          "ans": "Conventional current",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name some important effects of electric current.",
          "ans": "Heating effect, magnetic effect and chemical effect.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When would electric current flow in a conductor?",
          "ans": "Only when there is a potential difference across its ends",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How does a cell maintain current in a given circuit?",
          "ans": "At the expenditure of its chemical energy",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How is a voltmeter connected in the circuit?",
          "ans": "In parallel",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do we use symbols for circuit components?",
          "ans": "Symbols are used to represent the electrical components in a circuit diagram and to draw and understand the circuit diagrams conveniently.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the function of a rheostat in the circuit?",
          "ans": "To change the value of current in the circuit",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which physical quantity should not change in Ohm’s law experiment?",
          "ans": "Temperature",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How does current and potential difference vary with respect to each other in an Ohmic circuit?",
          "ans": "As potential difference increases, the current also increases.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How are current and resistance related to each other?",
          "ans": "Inversely proportional",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the SI unit of resistivity.",
          "ans": "Ohm metre, Ω-m",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens to the resistance of a wire, if its resistivity is doubled on itself?",
          "ans": "When a wire is doubled on itself, its length becomes half but the area of cross section is doubled. So, its resistance becomes one fourth.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the value of resistivity of metals and metal alloys?",
          "ans": "Very less, of the order of 10–8 Ω m to 10–6 Ω m",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the value of resistivity of insulators?",
          "ans": "Very high, of the order of 1012 Ω m to 1017 Ω m",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "In a circuit, two resistors of 5 W and 10 W are connected in series. Compare the current passing through the two resistors.",
          "ans": "In a series connection of resistors, same current passes through all the resistors. Hence, current will be same. The ratio of current will be 1:1.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give the equation for equivalent resistance of 3 resistors R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>3</sub> connected in series.",
          "ans": "R = R<sub>1</sub> + R<sub>2</sub> + R<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Give an equation for equivalent resistance of 3 resistors R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>3</sub> connected in parallel.",
          "ans": "1 / R = 1/ R<sub>1</sub> + 1/R<sub>2</sub> + 1/R<sub>3</sub>",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12d19a.jpg",
            "width": "145",
            "height": "55"
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which has more resistance: a 220 V, 100 W bulb or a 220 V, 60 W bulb?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12d20a.jpg",
            "width": "190",
            "height": "45"
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "400 J of heat is produced in 4 s in a 4W resistor. Find the potential difference across the resistor.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch12d21a.jpg",
            "width": "110",
            "height": "135"
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Apart from useful energy, which useless form of energy is also produced in electrical gadgets?",
          "ans": "Heat energy",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Is heat energy always desirable in electrical appliances?",
          "ans": "No. It is useful in appliances like geyser, toaster, etc., but useless in appliances like TV, mobile charger, refrigerator, etc.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention one important safety device that works on the heating effect of electric current.",
          "ans": "Electric fuse",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        }
      ],
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    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch12_co",
    "fib": "ch12_fib",
    "mcq": "ch12_mcq",
    "nf": "ch12_nf",
    "yn": "ch12_yn",
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    "saq": "ch12_saq",
    "cs": "ch12_cs",
    "map": "ch12_map",
    "gowf": "ch12_gowf",
    "tf": "ch12_tf",
    "grf": "ch12_grf",
    "arbq": "ch12_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch12_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch13",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 13 - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following is the correct statement with respect to field lines.",
          "ans": "(a) Field lines emerge from the north pole and enter into the south pole.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Field lines emerge from the north pole and enter into the south pole.",
            "(b) Field lines emerge from the south pole and enter into the north pole.",
            "(c) Both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement from the following regarding magnetic field lines.",
          "ans": "(c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field strength.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The direction of magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction in which the north pole of a magnetic compass needle points.",
            "(b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves.",
            "(c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field strength.",
            "(d) None of these."
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The first scientist to discover that magnetism is linked with electricity was ____________.",
          "ans": "(c) Oersted",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Newton",
            "(b) Faraday",
            "(c) Oersted",
            "(d) Coulomb"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following appliances is based on electromagnetism?",
          "ans": "(a) Electric motor",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Electric motor",
            "(b) Electric iron",
            "(c) Electric toaster",
            "(d) Electric geyser"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What are the factors affecting magnetic field of a circular current carrying conductor?",
          "ans": "(d) Both (a) and (c)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Magnetic field ∝ Current passing through the conductor",
            "ch13a5b.jpg",
            "(c) Magnetic field ∝ No. of turns in coil",
            "(d) Both (a) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight line?",
          "ans": "(d) The field consists of concentric circles centered on the wire.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire.",
            "(b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire.",
            "(c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire.",
            "(d) The field consists of concentric circles centered on the wire."
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A constant current is flowing in a horizontal wire in the plane of the paper from east to west as shown in the figure. The direction of magnetic field at a point north to south will be:",
          "ans": "(c) At a point located in the plane of the paper on the north side of the wire",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13a7.jpg",
            "width": "160",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Directly above the wire",
            "(b) Directly below the wire",
            "(c) At a point located in the plane of the paper on the north side of the wire",
            "(d) At a point located in the plane of paper on the south side of the wire."
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The strength of magnetic field inside a long current carrying solenoid is:",
          "ans": "(c) Same at all points",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13a8.jpg",
            "width": "150",
            "height": "30"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) More at the ends than at the centre",
            "(b) Minimum in the middle",
            "(c) Same at all points",
            "(d) Found to increase from one end to the other"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If the key in the arrangement as in the given figure, is taken out (the circuit is made open) and magnetic field lines are drawn over the horizontal plane ABCD, the lines are _______________.",
          "ans": "(c) straight lines parallel to each other",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13a9.jpg",
            "width": "265",
            "height": "160"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) concentric circles",
            "(b) elliptical in shape",
            "(c) straight lines parallel to each other",
            "(d) concentric circles near the point O but of elliptical shapes as we go away from it"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following properties of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field?",
          "ans": "(d) Both (a) and (c)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Velocity",
            "(b) Speed",
            "(c) Momentum",
            "(d) Both (a) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The scientist who identified that magnetic field exerts a force on the current carrying conductor was ___________.",
          "ans": "(a) Oersted",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Oersted",
            "(b) Joule",
            "(c) Coulomb",
            "(d) Ampere"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The direction of force acting on the conductor depends on the direction of ____________________.",
          "ans": "(a) current",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) current",
            "(b) voltage",
            "(c) charge",
            "(d) motion"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The direction of the force acting on the conductor can be determined by ______________.",
          "ans": "(c) Fleming’s left-hand rule",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Right-hand thumb rule",
            "(b) Fleming’s right-hand rule",
            "(c) Fleming’s left-hand rule",
            "(d) Ohm’s law"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards the west is deflected towards the north by a magnetic field. Then, the direction of the magnetic field is _______________.",
          "ans": "(d) upward",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) towards south",
            "(b) towards east",
            "(c) downward",
            "(d) upward"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An electric motor converts:",
          "ans": "(c) Electrical energy into mechanical energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mechanical energy into electrical energy",
            "(b) Chemical energy into electrical energy",
            "(c) Electrical energy into mechanical energy",
            "(d) Electrical energy into heat energy"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a component of an electric motor?",
          "ans": "(d) Slip rings",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Armature",
            "(b) Electromagnet",
            "(c) Split rings",
            "(d) Slip rings"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following appliances does not use an electric motor?",
          "ans": "(b) Iron",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Refrigerator",
            "(b) Iron",
            "(c) Hand blender",
            "(d) Washing machine"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement.*",
          "ans": "(d) In India, the AC changes direction after every <sup>1</sup>/<sub>50</sub> second.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Fleming’s right-hand rule is a simple rule to know the direction of induced current.",
            "(b) The right-hand thumb rule is used to find the direction of magnetic fields due to current carrying conductors.",
            "(c) The difference between direct and alternating currents is that the direct current always flows in one direction,",
            "whereas the alternating current reverses its direction periodically.",
            "(d) In India, the AC changes direction after every <sup>1</sup>/<sub>50</sub> second."
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The changing magnetic flux linked with the coil produces an induced potential difference. More the rate of induced potential difference __________________.",
          "ans": "(b) more is the current",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) less is the current",
            "(b) more is the current",
            "(c) more is the magnetic field",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is __________________.",
          "ans": "(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the process of charging the body",
            "(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil",
            "(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil",
            "(d) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction was _________________.",
          "ans": "(d) Faraday",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Ampere",
            "(b) Oersted",
            "(c) Coulomb",
            "(d) Faraday"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The principle of electromagnetic induction is used in ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) electric generator",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) electric motors",
            "(b) electric generator",
            "(c) refrigerators",
            "(d) television"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An instrument that detects the presence of electric current in a circuit is _________________.",
          "ans": "(d) galvanometer",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) ammeter",
            "(b) voltmeter",
            "(c) potentiometer",
            "(d) galvanometer"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The device used for producing electric current by magnetism is called a _________________.",
          "ans": "(a) generator",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) generator",
            "(b) galvanometer",
            "(c) ammeter",
            "(d) motor"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that:",
          "ans": "(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has a permanent magnet.",
            "(b) DC generator will generate a higher voltage.",
            "(c) AC generator will generate a higher voltage.",
            "(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator."
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each ________________.",
          "ans": "(c) half rotation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) two rotation",
            "(b) one rotation",
            "(c) half rotation",
            "(d) one fourth rotation"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "To convert an AC generator into DC generator, __________________.",
          "ans": "(a) split ring type commutator is used",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) split ring type commutator is used",
            "(b) slip ring and brushes must be used",
            "(c) a stronger magnetic field has to be used",
            "(d) a rectangular wire loop has to be used"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit _____________.",
          "ans": "(c) increases heavily",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) reduces substantially",
            "(b) does not change",
            "(c) increases heavily",
            "(d) vary continuously"
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The most important safety method used for protecting home appliances from short-circuiting or overloading is _____________________.",
          "ans": "(b) the use of fuse",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) earthing",
            "(b) the use of fuse",
            "(c) the use of stabilisers",
            "(d) the use of electric meter"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The current rating for high power appliances like geyser and air conditioners is _____________.",
          "ans": "(b) 15 A",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 5A",
            "(b) 15 A",
            "(c) 10 A",
            "(d) 2A"
          ],
          "val": 30
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement from the following regarding magnetic lines of field.*",
          "ans": "(c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field strength.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The direction of magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction in which the north pole of a magnetic compass needle points.",
            "(b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves.",
            "(c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field strength.",
            "(d) Relative strength of magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the field lines."
          ],
          "val": 31
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "For a current in a long straight solenoid, N- and S-poles are created at the two ends. Among the following statements, the incorrect statement is:*",
          "ans": "(c) The pattern of the magnetic field associated with the solenoid is different from the pattern of the magnetic field around a bar magnet.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of straight lines which indicates that the magnetic field is same at all points inside the solenoid.",
            "(b) The strong magnetic field produced inside the solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece of magnetic material like soft iron, when placed inside the coil.",
            "(c) The pattern of the magnetic field associated with the solenoid is different from the pattern of the magnetic field around a bar magnet.",
            "(d) The N- and S-poles exchange position when the direction of current through the solenoid is reversed."
          ],
          "val": 32
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A uniform magnetic field exists in the plane of paper pointing from left to right as shown in the figure. In the field, an electron and a proton move as shown. The electron and the proton experience:*",
          "ans": "(a) Forces both pointing into the plane of paper",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13a33.jpg",
            "width": "170",
            "height": "140"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) Forces both pointing into the plane of paper",
            "(b) Forces both pointing out of the plane of paper",
            "(c) Forces pointing into the plane of paper and out of the plane of paper, respectively",
            "(d) Forces pointing opposite and along the direction of the uniform magnetic field, respectively"
          ],
          "val": 33
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Commercial electric motors do not use:*",
          "ans": "(c) A permanent magnet to rotate the armature",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) An electromagnet to rotate the armature",
            "(b) Effectively large number of turns of conducting wire in the current carrying coil",
            "(c) A permanent magnet to rotate the armature",
            "(d) A soft iron core on which the coil is wound"
          ],
          "val": 34
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the arrangement shown in the figure, there are two coils wound on a non-conducting cylindrical rod. Initially, the key is not inserted. Then, the key is inserted and later removed. Then:*",
          "ans": "(d) There are momentary galvanometer deflections that die out shortly; the deflections are in opposite directions.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13a35.jpg",
            "width": "260",
            "height": "120"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) The deflection in the galvanometer remains zero throughout.",
            "(b) There is a momentary deflection in the galvanometer but it dies out shortly and there is no effect when the key is removed.",
            "(c) There are momentary galvanometer deflections that die out shortly; the deflections are in the same direction.",
            "(d) There are momentary galvanometer deflections that die out shortly; the deflections are in opposite directions."
          ],
          "val": 35
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the magnetic effects of current with the help of an activity along with a labelled diagram.",
          "ans": "Take a thick straight copper wire and place it between the point X and Y in an electric circuit. Place a small compass near to this wire. See the position of its needle. Pass the current through the circuit by inserting the key into the plug. Observe the change in the position of the compass needle. The deflection of compass needle by the current carrying wire in this activity shows that an electric current produces a magnetic field around it. <br/>Current carrying conductor behaves like a magnet and deflects the needle of the compass.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b1a.jpg",
            "width": "220",
            "height": "115"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "A student fixes a sheet of white paper on a drawing board. He places a bar magnet at the center of it. He sprinkles some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet. Then, he taps the board gently and observes that the iron filings arrange themselves in a particular pattern. <br/>(i) Why do the iron filings arrange themselves in a pattern? <br/>(ii) What does the lines along which the iron filings align represent? <br/>(iii) What does the crowding of iron filings at the end of the magnet indicate?",
          "ans": "(i) Due to the force exerted by the magnet within its magnetic field <br/>(ii) The lines represent magnetic fieldlines. <br/> (iii) Crowding of iron filings at the ends of the magnet indicates that the magnetic field is strongest near the poles of the magnet.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are magnetic field lines and list three characteristics of the lines? Describe in brief an activity to study the magnetic field lines due to the current flowing in a circular coil.",
          "ans": "Magnetic field lines are the representation of the magnetic field path along which an imaginary north pole would tend to move. <br/>(i) The magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at the south pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from the south pole of the magnet to its north pole and are closed curves. <br/>(ii) At the points where the magnetic field is stronger, field lines are crowded and vice-versa. <br/>(iii) No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other. <br/><b>Activity: </b><br/>(i) Take a rectangular cardboard having two holes. Insert a circular coil having large number of turns through them, normal to the plane of the cardboard. <br/>(ii) Connect the ends of the coil in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat, as shown in the figure. <br/>(iii) Sprinkle iron filings uniformly on the cardboard. <br/>(iv) Plug the key. <br/>(v) Tap the cardboard gently a few times. Note the pattern of the iron filings that emerge on the cardboard. <b//><b>Observation:</b> <br/>It is observed that the magnetic field lines of a circular coil are in the form of closed loops on both sides. The circles become larger and larger as we move away from the coil. At the center of the loop, these circles appear as straight lines and the field becomes uniform.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b3a.jpg",
            "width": "230",
            "height": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are magnetic field lines and list any two characteristics of field lines? Draw the patterns of magnetic field lines due to the current carrying circular loop.",
          "ans": "A magnetic field line is the path along which a free north pole tends to move. <br/><b>Characteristics:</b><br/>(i) The relative strength of magnetic field lines is given by the degree of closeness of the field lines. More crowded field lines means a stronger field. <br/>(ii) No two magnetic field lines can ever intersect each other.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b4a.jpg",
            "width": "160",
            "height": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) What is a solenoid? <br/>(ii) Draw the pattern of magnetic field formed around a current carrying solenoid and compare this field to that of the bar magnet.",
          "ans": "(i) A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called solenoid. <br/>(ii) Magnetic field of a solenoid and a bar magnet are similar in pattern. In the bar magnet, polarity does not change, while it changes in the solenoid.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write the properties of magnetic lines of a solenoid.",
          "ans": "(i) They are similar to that of a bar magnet. <br/>(ii) They emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole. <br/>(iii) The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by increasing the current or by increasing the number of turns of the coil. <br/>(iv) Inside the solenoid, the field lines are parallel, which means the magnetic field is uniform.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b6a.jpg",
            "width": "215",
            "height": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) An electron enters a magnetic field at right angle to it as shown in the figure. What will be the direction of force acting on the electron? State the rule which gives the direction of force on an electron.",
          "ans": "(i) Electron will move normally inward. <br/><b>Fleming’s left-hand rule:</b> When the index finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand are stretched in mutually perpendicular directions, then if the first finger points towards magnetic field and the middle finger towards the current/motion of positive charge, then the thumb will point towards the direction of force. <br/>(ii) It will continue to move in the same direction or not deviated/deflected by the magnetic field. <br/><b>Reason:</b> Because neutron is a neutral/uncharged particle",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13b7.jpg",
            "width": "512",
            "height": "148"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain an activity to show that a current carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field.",
          "ans": "A small aluminium rod is suspended horizontally from a stand using two connecting wires. Place a strong horse shoe magnet in such a way that the rod lies between the two poles with the magnetic field directed upwards. For this, put the north pole of the magnet vertically below and the south pole vertically above the aluminium rod. Connect the aluminium rod in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat. Pass a current through the aluminium rod from one end to the other. <br/>It is obser ved that the rod is displaced towards left and when the direction of the current flowing through the rod is reversed, the displacement of the rod will be towards right. The direction of displacement also changes if we interchange the poles of the magnet. <br/>This shows that the aluminum rod experiences a force. The direction of this force depends on the direction of the current and the direction of the magnetic field.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b8a.jpg",
            "width": "230",
            "height": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) State Fleming’s left-hand rule. <br/>(ii) Write the principle of working of an electric motor. <br/>(iii) Explain the function of the following parts of an electric motor: <br/>(a) Armature &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b) Brushes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (c) Split ring",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Fleming’s left-hand rule:</b> Stretch the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand in such a way that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the thumb shows the direction of the force of motion on the current carrying conductor. <br/>(ii) <b>Principle of working of electric motor:</b> A coil carrying electric current placed in an external magnetic field experiences a force. <br/>(iii) (a) <b>Function of Armature:</b> Enhances the power of the motor/induction motion <br/>(b) <b>Function of Brushes:</b> Help in easy transfer of charge between the coil and the external circuit <br/>(c) <b>Function of Split rings:</b> Reverse the direction of current after each half rotation of the coil so that the coil can keep rotating continuously",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "How are commercial motors made powerful?",
          "ans": "(i) By using an electromagnet in place of permanent magnet <br/>(ii) By using large number of turns of the coil <br/>(iii) By placing a soft iron core inside the coil",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Define electromagnetic induction. <br/>(ii) Two coils P and S are wound over the same iron core. Coil P is connected to the battery and key, and coil S is connected to the galvanometer. Write your observations when: <br/>(a) current in the coil P is started by closing the key. <br/>(b) current continues to flow in coil P <br>(c) current in coil P is stopped by removing the key. <br/>Explain the reason for each observation.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Electromagnetic Induction:</b> The process by which a change in the magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor. <br/>(ii) (a) There is deflection in the galvanometer connected with coil S, due to induced current. <br/>(b) Deflection becomes zero. <br/>(c) Deflection in the galvanometer is in opposite direction. <br/><b>Reason:</b><br/>(a) Current is induced in coil Q due to the current in coil P, so the galvanometer shows deflection. <br/>(b) Since the current in coil P becomes stationary, the flux linked with Q does not change, and hence, there is no induced potential difference. So, the galvanometer shows no deflection. <br/>(c) E.M induction takes place but induced current is in the opposite direction. Hence, the galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite direction.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13b11a.jpg",
            "width": "290",
            "height": "80"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Name a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Explain the underlying principle and working of this device with the help of a labelled diagram.",
          "ans": "<b>Electric Generator:</b><br/><b>Principle:</b> An electric generator works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic field, then the magnetic field linked with the conductor changes with time due to which a current starts to flow in the conductor.<br/><b>Working:</b> By mechanical means, the coil ABCD is rotated clockwise. By applying Fleming’s right-hand rule, the induced currents are set up in the arms of the coil along the directions AB and CD. Thus, induced current flows in the direction ABCD. <br/>After half rotation, CD moves up and AB moves down. So, the currents in both the arms reverse in direction. Now, the induced current flows in the direction DCBA. <br/>Thus, an AC current is produced which changes direction after equal intervals of time.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b12a.jpg",
            "width": "270",
            "height": "225"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Explain the difference between a direct current and an alternating current. Write one important advantage of using alternating current. <br/>(ii) An air conditioner of 2 kW is used in an electric circuit having a fuse of 10 A rating. If the potential difference of the supply is 220 V, will the fuse be able to withstand, when the air conditioner is switched ON? Justify your answer.",
          "ans": "(i) DC does not change its direction, while AC changes direction after every half cycle. <br/>AC can be easily transmitted over long distances without much loss of power.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b13a.jpg",
            "width": "235",
            "height": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "(i) Draw a schematic labelled diagram of a domestic electric circuit. <br/>(ii) Why is it necessary to provide: <br/>(a) a fuse in an electric circuit? <br/>(b) an earth wire to electric appliances having metallic body? Explain.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13b14a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "260"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Describe any five safety measures that should be taken while dealing with electric appliances connected in a domestic electric circuit.",
          "ans": "(i) Do not operate the switches with wet hands. <br/>(ii) Do not connect too many appliances at a time. <br/>(iii) Use wires with proper insulation. <br/>(iv) Use fuse with appropriate current rating. <br/>(v) Use plugs and sockets according to the current rating of the appliances.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and applications.",
          "ans": "(i) <b>Fuse:</b> It prevents damage to the electrical appliances due to overloading. When the live wire and the neutral wire come in contact, short circuit occurs and current increases to a large value. <br/>In such a situation, the fuse wire melts and stops the flow of current. This saves from accidental fires. <br/>(ii) <b>Earthing:</b> The earth wire is connected to a metal plate deep in the earth near the house. It is a safety measure used for electrical appliances with a metallic body. The metallic body is connected to the earth wire which ensures that any leakage of current passes to the earth and the user does not get severe shock.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give two properties of a bar magnet.",
          "ans": "(i) Like poles repel, (ii) Unlike poles attract.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Is magnetic field a vector or a scalar quantity? Why?",
          "ans": "It is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How do we identify the strength of a magnetic field?",
          "ans": "If the field lines are crowded, it indicates a strong magnetic field. If the field lines are away from each other, it indicates a weak magnetic field.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What does the magnetic field pattern inside the solenoid indicate? State how this field can be utilised to make an electromagnet. List two ways by which the strength of this magnet can be increased.",
          "ans": "It indicates that the magnetic field is same at all points inside the solenoid. It is uniform. This property is utilised to magnetise a piece of magnetic material like a soft iron when placed inside the solenoid. The strength of this magnet (electromagnet) can be increased by: <ul><li>Increasing the amount of electric current through it </li><li>Increasing the number of turns of the coil</li></ul>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain whether an alpha particle will experience any force in a magnetic field if: <br/>(i) it is placed in the field at rest. <br/>(ii) it moves in the magnetic field parallel to field lines. <br/>(iii) it moves in the magnetic field perpendicular to field lines.",
          "ans": "(i) No, because a charged particle at rest does not interact with magnetic field. <br/>(ii) No, because the force is zero if current and field are in the same direction. <br/>(iii) Yes, because the force is maximum when current and magnetic field are perpendicular.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13srt1.jpg",
            "width": "204",
            "height": "212"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name, state and explain with an example the rule used to determine the direction of force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic field.",
          "ans": "<b>Fleming’s left hand rule:</b> When the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are stretched in mutually perpendicular directions, then if the first finger points towards magnetic field and the middle finger towards the current/motion of a positive charge particle, then the thumb points towards the direction of force. <br/><b>Example:</b> When an electron enters a magnetic field at right angle, the direction of force on the electron is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and the current according to this rule.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How can we change the direction of force acting on the current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field?",
          "ans": "(i) By changing the direction of the current flowing through it <br/>(ii) By changing the direction of magnetic field",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the function of the commutator in an electric motor?",
          "ans": "It reverses the direction of current in the coil after every half rotation.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is an armature?",
          "ans": "The soft iron core along with the coil is called an armature.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain briefly two different ways to induce current in a coil. State the rule which determines the direction of induced current.",
          "ans": "(i) If a coil is moved in a magnetic field <br/>(ii) By rotating the coil in a uniform magnetic field Statement of Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule: The direction of induced current in a straight conductor is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule. It states that if you stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your right hand at right angles to each other, the forefinger points towards the direction of magnetic field, the thumb points towards the direction of motion, and the middle finger points towards the direction of induced current.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet is <br/>(i) pushed into the coil? <br/>(ii) withdrawn from inside the coil? <br/>(iii) held stationary inside the coil?",
          "ans": "(i) When the bar magnet is pushed into the coil, then it induces current due to electromagnetic induction, and the galvanometer shows deflection. <br/>(ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil of the insulated copper wire again, the current is induced in the coil but this time, it is in reverse direction. The galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite direction. <br/>(iii) As the magnet is stationary, there is no change in the magnetic field lines linked with the coil, so the galvanometer shows no deflection.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is a primary and secondary coil?",
          "ans": "The coil which is connected to the external circuit is called a primary coil. The coil in which the current is induced due to the primary coil is called secondary coil.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does a galvanometer detect electric current in the circuit?",
          "ans": "The pointer of the galvanometer will deflect to the left or right depending on the direction of the electric current in the circuit.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How are the principles of electric motor and electric generator different?",
          "ans": "Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, while electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the difference in the construction of electric motor and electric generator?",
          "ans": "Electric motor uses split rings (commutator) to reverse the direction of current after every half rotation of the coil. While electric generator uses slip rings to keep the coil rotating in one direction.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How can we convert an AC generator into an DC generator?",
          "ans": "To get a unidirectional (DC) current, a split ring type commutator must be used. In this arrangement, one brush is at all times in contact with the arm moving up in the field, while the other is always in contact with the arm moving down.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the frequency and line voltage of AC supplied in India?",
          "ans": "In India, AC changes direction after every 1/100 second. Thus, the frequency of AC is 50 Hz. The potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220 V. Thus, the main voltage in India is 220 V.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is short-circuiting of an electric circuit? An electric motor of 1.5 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit of current rating 5 A. What would happen when it is switched on? Give reason for your answer.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13c18a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "127"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List three factors which can cause overloading of domestic electric current.",
          "ans": "(i) When the live wire and the neutral wire come in direct contact <br/>(ii) Accidental hike in the supply voltage <br/>(iii) By using too many appliances at the same time and also connecting many appliances to a single socket",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the function of fuse in a domestic electric circuit. An electric oven having power rating 2000 W, 220 V is used in an electric circuit, having a fuse of 5 A rating. What is likely to happen when the oven is switched on? Explain.",
          "ans": "It protects the electric circuit and appliances from possible damage by stopping the flow of excessively high electric current. <br/>Here, P = 2000 W, V = 220 V <br/>Using P = VI",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13c20a.jpg",
            "width": "295",
            "height": "90"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State the function of a “fuse” in an electric circuit. A circuit has a fuse of 5 A. Find the maximum number of 100 W, 220 V lamps that can be used in this circuit.",
          "ans": "It prevents the damage to the appliances due to overloading or short-circuiting.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13c21a.jpg",
            "width": "335",
            "height": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A circuit has a line 5 A. How many lamps of rating 40 W, 220 V can simultaneously run on this line safely?",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 22,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch13c22a.jpg",
            "width": "335",
            "height": "145"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A magnetic compass needle is placed in the plane of paper near point A as shown in the figure. <br/>In which plane should a straight current carrying conductor be placed so that it passes through A and there is no change in the deflection of the compass? Under what condition is the deflection maximum and why?*",
          "ans": "For no deflection, the conductor should lie in the plane of the paper itself. The axis of the compass is vertical and the field due to the conductor is also vertical. It could result in a dip of compass needle which is not possible in this case (dips result only if axis of the compass is horizontal). The deflection is maximum when the conductor through A is perpendicular to the plane of paper and the field due to it is maximum in the plane of the paper.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 23,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13c23.jpg",
            "width": "120",
            "height": "100"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "AB is a current carrying conductor in the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. What are the directions of magnetic fields produced by it at points P and Q? Given r<sub>1</sub> > r<sub>2</sub>, where will the strength of the magnetic field be larger?*",
          "ans": "In to the plane of paper at P and out of it at Q. The strength of the magnetic field is larger at the point located closer i.e. at Q.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 24,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch13c24.jpg",
            "width": "150",
            "height": "180"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "A magnetic compass shows a deflection when placed near a current carrying wire. How will the deflection of the compass get affected if the current in the wire is increased? Support your answer with a reason.*",
          "ans": "The deflection increases. The strength of magnetic field is directly proportional to the magnitude of current passing through the straight conductor.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 25,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What does the direction of the thumb indicate in the right-hand thumb rule? In what way, is this rule different from Fleming’s left-hand rule?*",
          "ans": "The thumb indicates the direction of current in the straight conductor held by curled fingers, whereas the Fleming’s left-hand rule gives the direction of force experienced by the current carrying conductor placed in an external magnetic field.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 26,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name four appliances wherein an electric motor, a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, is used as an important component. In what respect are motors different from generators?*",
          "ans": "Electric fans, mixers, washing machines, computer drives, etc. Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy whereas generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 27,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the role of the two conducting stationary brushes in a simple electric motor?*",
          "ans": "The brushes are connected to the battery and touch the outer side of two halves of the split ring whose inner sides are insulated and attached to the axle.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 28,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the difference between a direct current and an alternating current? How many times does the AC used in India change direction in one second?*",
          "ans": "Direct current always flows in one direction, but the alternating current reverses its direction periodically. The frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz and in each cycle, it alters direction twice. Therefore, AC changes direction 2 × 50 = 100 times in one second.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 29,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the role of fuse used in series with any electrical appliance? Why should a fuse with defined rating not be replaced by one with a larger rating?*",
          "ans": "Fuse is used for protecting appliances due to short-circuiting or overloading. The fuse is rated for a certain maximum current and blows off when a current more than the rated value flows through it. If a fuse is replaced by one with larger ratings, the appliances may get damaged while the protecting fuse does not burn off. This practice of using fuse of improper rating should always be avoided.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 30,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is meant by magnetic field?",
          "ans": "The region surrounding a magnet in which the force of the magnet can be detected is said to be its magnetic field.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name an instrument that can detect a magnetic field.",
          "ans": "Magnetic compass",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Is a magnetic field a real thing?",
          "ans": "Yes. But, it cannot be seen. It can be identified with the help of iron filings around a magnet.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Describe the magnetic field of a bar magnet.",
          "ans": "The magnetic field of a bar magnet forms closed curves, which emerge from the north pole and merge into the south pole. The field lines never cross each other.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do two magnetic field lines never cross each other?",
          "ans": "This is because if they cross, it would mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point in two directions which is not possible.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Suggest one way of discriminating a wire carrying current from a wire carrying no current.",
          "ans": "Bring a magnetic needle near the wire. A current carrying wire will produce a deflection in the needle whereas a wire without a current will not.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How can we identify the direction of magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current?",
          "ans": "Using the right hand thumb rule",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the right hand thumb rule.",
          "ans": "Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that the thumb points towards the direction of current, then the direction of wrapping of fingers gives the direction of the field lines around the conductor.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the other name of right hand thumb rule?",
          "ans": "Maxwell’s cork screw rule",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the material that can be easily magnetised by placing inside a solenoid.",
          "ans": "Soft iron",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention the angle between a current carrying conductor and magnetic field for which the force experienced by this current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field is largest.",
          "ans": "The angle between the current carrying conductor and the magnetic field is 90°.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When is the force acting on the conductor maximum?",
          "ans": "When the current through the conductor is at right angle to the external magnetic field",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name some devices that use current carrying conductors and magnetic fields.",
          "ans": "Electric motor, electric generator, loudspeaker, microphones",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is an electric motor?",
          "ans": "It is a rotating device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State some appliances that use an electric motor.",
          "ans": "Electric fans, mixers, washing machines, computers, etc.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What do commercial motors use in place of permanent magnet?",
          "ans": "Electromagnet",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Define the term “induced current”.",
          "ans": "It is an electric current which originates in a conductor by the virtue of fluctuating magnetic field around the conductor.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the reason behind the process of electromagnetic induction.",
          "ans": "The change in the magnetic field lines linked with the primary coil",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "When is the induced current found to be maximum in the secondary coil?",
          "ans": "When the direction of motion of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the rule that determines the direction of induced current.",
          "ans": "Fleming’s right-hand rule",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention the advantage of AC over DC for long distance transmission.",
          "ans": "AC can be easily transmitted over long distances without much loss of energy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the current which changes the polarity after every half cycle?",
          "ans": "Alternating current",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the value of potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire in our country.",
          "ans": "220 V",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State a difference between the wires used in the element of an electric heater and in a fuse.",
          "ans": "The melting point of the wire used in the heater element is high while a fuse wire has low melting point.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How is the type of current that we receive in domestic circuit different from the one that runs a clock?",
          "ans": "In domestic circuit, it is an AC, while a clock cell gives DC.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention the colour convention for live, neutral and earth wires.",
          "ans": "Live wire–Brown, Neutral wire–Blue, Earth wire–green or yellow",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name three conditions under which the fuse would melt.",
          "ans": "Over loading, short-circuiting and, voltage fluctuation.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 27
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch13_co",
    "fib": "ch13_fib",
    "mcq": "ch13_mcq",
    "nf": "ch13_nf",
    "yn": "ch13_yn",
    "un": "ch13_un",
    "dtf": "ch13_dtf",
    "afq": "ch13_afq",
    "jtf": "ch13_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch13_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch13_ctco",
    "laq": "ch13_laq",
    "afow": "ch13_afow",
    "snc": "ch13_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch13_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch13_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch13_mtf",
    "saq": "ch13_saq",
    "cs": "ch13_cs",
    "map": "ch13_map",
    "gowf": "ch13_gowf",
    "tf": "ch13_tf",
    "grf": "ch13_grf",
    "arbq": "ch13_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch13_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch14",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 14 - Sources of Energy",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The energy possessed by a stone held in hand is",
          "ans": "(b) potential energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) kinetic energy",
            "(b) potential energy",
            "(c) heat energy",
            "(d) sound energy"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which energy does a burning candle possesse?",
          "ans": "(d) all",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) heat energy",
            "(b) light energy",
            "(c) chemical energy",
            "(d) all"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When a ball is dropped on the ground, its potential energy changes into",
          "ans": "(b) kinetic energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) heat energy",
            "(b) kinetic energy",
            "(c) light energy",
            "(d) chemical energy"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Identify the type of biomass in the statements below: <br/>(i) It produces a lot of smoke <br/>(ii) It does not burn completely and produces lot of ash as residue <br/>(iii) It has low calorific value",
          "ans": "(b) cow dung",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) biogas",
            "(b) cow dung",
            "(c) charcoal",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?",
          "ans": "(c) Coal",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Wood",
            "(b) Sun",
            "(c) Coal",
            "(d) Wind"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The main constituent of biogas is",
          "ans": "(a) methane",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) methane",
            "(b) carbon dioxide",
            "(c) hydrogen",
            "(d) hydrogen sulphide"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not an example of a biomass?",
          "ans": "(c) Nuclear energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Wood",
            "(b) Gobar gas",
            "(c) Nuclear energy",
            "(d) Coal"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Acid rain happens because:",
          "ans": "(b) burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the atmosphere.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) the sun causes heating of upper layer of atmosphere.",
            "(b) burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the atmosphere.",
            "(c) electrical charges are produced due to friction amongst clouds.",
            "(d) the earth’s atmosphere contains acid."
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement regarding wind in open space.",
          "ans": "(a) It is expected that energy content of wind blowing to harness wind power is minimum in open space.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) It is expected that energy content of wind blowing to harness wind power is minimum in open space.",
            "(b) Wind power can be potentially more exploited in open space.",
            "(c) Wind hitting at the blades of a windmill causes them to rotate; the rotation thus achieved can be utilised further.",
            "(d) One popular method of utilising the energy of rotational motion of the blades of a windmill is to run the turbine of an electric generator."
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement.",
          "ans": "(c) The main ingredient of biogas is ethane and it gives a lot of smoke and also produces a lot of residual ash.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) We are encouraged to plant more trees so as to ensure clean environment and also provide biomass fuel.",
            "(b) Gobar gas is produced when crops, vegetable waste, etc. decompose in the absence of oxygen.",
            "(c) The main ingredient of biogas is ethane and it gives a lot of smoke and also produces a lot of residual ash.",
            "(d) Biomass is a renewable source of energy."
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Fuel used in thermal power plants is",
          "ans": "(d) fossil fuels",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) water",
            "(b) uranium",
            "(c) biomass",
            "(d) fossil fuels"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a hydro-power planet,",
          "ans": "(a) potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity.",
            "(b) kinetic energy possessed by stored water is converted into potential energy.",
            "(c) electricity is extracted from water.",
            "(d) water is converted into steam to produce electricity."
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "____________ are energy sources that are infinite, natural and restorable, e.g. tidal energy and solar energy.",
          "ans": "(a) Conventional energy sources",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Conventional energy sources",
            "(b) Non-conventional energy sources",
            "(c) Both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which part of the solar cooker is responsible for greenhouse effect?",
          "ans": "(d) Glass sheet",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Coating with black cover inside body",
            "(b) Mirror",
            "(c) Outer cover of the solar cooker",
            "(d) Glass sheet"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not ultimately derived from the Sun’s energy?",
          "ans": "(c) Nuclear energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Geothermal energy",
            "(b) Wind energy",
            "(c) Nuclear energy",
            "(d) Biomass"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Ocean thermal energy is due to",
          "ans": "(b) temperature difference at different levels in oceans.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) energy stored by waves in ocean.",
            "(b) temperature difference at different levels in oceans.",
            "(c) pressure difference at different levels in the ocean.",
            "(d) tides arising out in the ocean."
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on",
          "ans": "(b) a cloudy day",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) a sunny day",
            "(b) a cloudy day",
            "(c) a hot day",
            "(d) a windy day"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following forms of energy leads to least environmental pollution in the process of its harnessing and utilisation?",
          "ans": "(c) Solar energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Nuclear energy",
            "(b) Thermal energy",
            "(c) Solar energy",
            "(d) Geothermal energy"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The major problem in harnessing nuclear energy is how to",
          "ans": "(c) dispose of used fuel safely",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) split nuclei",
            "(b) sustain the reaction",
            "(c) dispose of used fuel safely",
            "(d) convert nuclear energy into electrical energy"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "One example of clean fuel is",
          "ans": "(b) CNG",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) petrol",
            "(b) CNG",
            "(c) LPG",
            "(d) coal"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "One disadvantage of using solar cell is",
          "ans": "(b) expensive",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) pollution",
            "(b) expensive",
            "(c) damage to environment",
            "(d) all of these"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A major source of air pollution is",
          "ans": "(a) burning of fossil fuels",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) burning of fossil fuels",
            "(b) use of alternative resources of energy",
            "(c) use of CNG and LPG",
            "(d) none"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An example of exhaustible resource is",
          "ans": "(d) fossil fuel",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) wind energy",
            "(b) solar energy",
            "(c) nuclear energy",
            "(d) fossil fuel"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A renewable resource of energy is",
          "ans": "(c) biomass",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) coal",
            "(b) petroleum",
            "(c) biomass",
            "(d) LPG"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?*",
          "ans": "(c) Coal",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Wood",
            "(b) Sun",
            "(c) Coal",
            "(d) Wind"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a hydropower plant,*",
          "ans": "(a) Potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity",
            "(b) Kinetic energy possessed by stored water is converted into potential energy",
            "(c) Electricity is extracted from water",
            "(d) Water is converted into steam to produce electricity"
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The power generated in a windmill*",
          "ans": "(c) depends on wind velocity",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) is more in rainy season since damp air would mean more air mass hitting the blades",
            "(b) depends on the height of the tower",
            "(c) depends on wind velocity",
            "(d) can be increased by planting tall trees close to the tower"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the correct statement.*",
          "ans": "(a) The sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.",
            "(b) There is infinite storage of fossil fuels inside the earth.",
            "(c) Hydro and wind energy plants are polluting sources of energy.",
            "(d) Waste from a nuclear power plant can be easily disposed of."
          ],
          "val": 28
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a hydroelectric power plant, more electrical power can be generated if water falls from a greater height because*",
          "ans": "(b) larger amount of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) its temperature increases",
            "(b) larger amount of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy",
            "(c) the electricity content of water increases with height",
            "(d) more water molecules dissociate into ions"
          ],
          "val": 29
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Choose the incorrect statement.*",
          "ans": "(c) The main ingredient of biogas is ethane and it gives a lot of smoke and also produces a lot of residual ash.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) We are encouraged to plant more trees so as to ensure clean environment and also provide biomass fuel.",
            "(b) Gobar gas is produced when crops, vegetable wastes, etc. decompose in the absence of oxygen.",
            "(c) The main ingredient of biogas is ethane and it gives a lot of smoke and also produces a lot of residual ash.",
            "(d) Biomass is a renewable source of energy."
          ],
          "val": 30
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is a good source of energy?",
          "ans": "A good source of energy should have the following qualities: <br/>(i) It should be easily available. <br/>(ii) It should not produce pollution. <br/>(iii) It should be renewable and environment friendly. <br/>(iv) It should produce large amount of heat per unit volume/mass. <br/>(v) It should be easy to store and transport. <br/>(vi) It should be economical.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why are we looking for alternate sources of energy?",
          "ans": "Fossil fuels, which are traditionally used by human beings everywhere as an energy source, are non-renewable sources of energy. <br/>These sources of energy are limited and will disappear after some time. They are being consumed at a large rate. If this rate of consumption continue, then the fossil fuels would be exhausted from the earth. Therefore, we should conserve the energy sources. Hence, we are looking for alternate sources of energy.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain the principle and working of a biogas plant.",
          "ans": "The waste of living organisms like cow dung, various plant material like the residue after harvesting of crops, vegetable waste, sewage, etc. form biomass. <br/>During the decay of biomass, in the absence of oxygen, biogas is produced in the biogas plant. A slurry of cow dung and water is made in the mixing tank from where it is fed into the digester. In the digester tank, anaerobic micro organisms decompose complex molecules of cow dung slurry and produce biogas.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is biogas? Describe the steps involved in obtaining biogas.",
          "ans": "Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. <br/>(i) Mixing (Slurry of cattle dung and water). <br/>(ii) Digesting (Decomposition of cattle dung by anaerobic bacteria). <br/>(iii) Formation of biogas. <br/>(iv) Collecting residue left after the formation of biogas.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "List three factors responsible for the blowing of winds. State three limitations in harnessing wind energy.",
          "ans": "<b>Three factors:</b> <br/>(i) Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. (ii) Rotation of the Earth. <br/>(iii) Local conditions such as change in pressure. <br/><b>Three limitations:</b> <br/>(i) Can be used where wind blows for a greater part of the year. <br/>(ii) Wind speed should be higher than 15 km/h. <br/>(iii) Establishment is expensive and requires large area.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Describe how a hydropower plant produces electricity. Write any two advantages of hydroelectric energy.",
          "ans": "High-rise dams are constructed on the river to obstruct the flow of water and thereby collect water in large reservoirs. The water level rises and in this process the kinetic energy of flowing water gets transformed into potential energy. The water from the high level in the dam is carried through pipes to the turbines, at the bottom of the dams and converted to electricity. <br/>Two advantages of hydro energy: <br/>(i) Reservoir can be refilled every time it rains; so it is a renewable source of energy. <br/>(ii) It does not cause pollution.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain generation of electricity in a thermal power plant.",
          "ans": "In a thermal power plant, heat energy is transformed into electrical energy. Chemical energy of coal is used as fuel in a thermal power plant. A large amount of fossil fuels are burnt every day in power stations to heat up water to produce steam which further runs the turbine to generate electricity. Many thermal plants are set up near coal or oil fields. In these plants, fuel is burnt to produce heat energy which is converted into electrical energy.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is dam? Why do we seek to build large dams? While building large dams which three main problems should be particularly addressed to maintain peace among local people? Mention them.",
          "ans": "(i) A dam is a barrier that is built across a river or a stream for storage of water. <br/>(ii) A large dam can ensure the storage of adequate water for irrigation and also for generating electricity. <br/>Three main problems that arise because of the construction of big dams are as follows: <br/>(i) Construction of dams across rivers leads to deforestation, which results in loss of biodiversity. <br/>(ii) Constructing reservoir may result in the flooding of nearby towns and villages. <br/>(iii) Construction of dams requires a huge amount of monetary investments.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Compare and contrast biomass and hydroelectricity as sources of energy.",
          "ans": "Biomass and hydroelectricity both are renewable sources of energy. <br/>(i) Biomass is derived from dead plants and animals and their wastes. Hence, it is naturally replenished. Wood and gobar gas are a few examples of biomass. <br/>(ii) Hydroelectricity, on the other hand, is obtained from the potential energy stored in water at a height. Energy from it can be produced again and again. It is harnessed from water and obtained by using mechanical processes.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is biomass? What can be done to obtain bioenergy using biomass?",
          "ans": "Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Some examples of biomass fuels are biogas, wood, crops and organic garbage. <br/>Following are some methods of harnessing biomass: <br/>(i) using firewood as fuel <br/>(ii) using cow dung cakes as fuel <br/>(iii) production of gobar gas",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why is there a need to harness non-conventional sources of energy? Give two main reasons.",
          "ans": "The two reasons for the need to harness non-conventional sources of energy are as follows: <br/>(i) The population of the world is increasing at a very rapid rate due to which demand for energy is increasing day by day, so the conventional sources will get exhausted in near future. <br/>(ii) Burning of fossil fuels causes environmental pollution; use of conventional sources of energy (e.g. coal and petroleum) causes pollution. To reduce pollution, use of non-conventional sources of energy is essential.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "On what basis would you classify energy sources as <br/>(i) renewable and non-renewable? <br/>(ii) exhaustible and inexhaustible? Do (i) and (ii) mean the same?",
          "ans": "(i) The source of energy that is regenerated in nature is known as renewable source of energy. The sun, wind, moving water and biomass are a few examples of renewable sources of energy. <br/>The source of energy that is not regenerated in nature is known as non-renewable source of energy. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are a few examples of non-renewable sources of energy. <br/>(ii) Exhaustible sources are those sources of energy which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred years. Coal and petroleum are the exhaustible sources of energy. <br/>Inexhaustible sources of energy are those sources which will not exhaust in future. These are unlimited. Biomass is one of the inexhaustible sources of energy. So, (i) and (ii) are the same.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Energy from various sources is considered to have been derived from the sun. Do you agree? Justify your answer.",
          "ans": "The sun is the ultimate source of energy. It is true that energy from various sources has been derived from the sun. Following are the explanations for this. <br/>(i) <b>Solar energy:</b> The phenomenon of photo-electric effect is possible only in the presence of the sun. <br/>(ii) <b>Wind energy:</b> Wind energy arises due to uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sunrays at two different adjoining places. Due to this, wind possesses kinetic energy. <br/>(iii) <b>Wave energy:</b> Strong winds are generated due to the sun and the waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the sea. <br/>(iv) <b>Ocean thermal energy:</b> The sun is responsible for the temperature difference between the water at the surface and water at the depth in seas and oceans. <br/>(v) <b>Energy from fossil fuels:</b> Fossil fuels are formed when large plants and ancient creatures are buried deep inside the Earth’s crust under the effect of a lot of pressure and heat. <br/>(vi) <b>Biomass:</b> Plants convert the solar energy into chemical energy with the help of inorganic substances. When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in it is released as heat.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain how tidal energy and wave energy can be exploited to generate electricity.",
          "ans": "<b>Tidal energy:</b> Due to the gravitational pull of the moon, high tides and low tides occur in the sea. The difference in the sea levels during tides gives us tidal energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine is fixed which is coupled to a dynamo and converts tidal energy into electricity. <br/><b>Wave energy:</b> The kinetic energy of huge waves can be trapped to generate electricity. The strong winds across an ocean produce big energetic waves, which rotate a turbine coupled to a generator and produce electricity.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Explain how nuclear energy is generated. Mention the disadvantages of harnessing it.",
          "ans": "In a process called nuclear fission, the nucleus of a heavy atom is bombarded with low energy neutrons. The heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei and a tremendous amount of energy is released according to Einstein’s mass–energy relationship. The released energy can be used to produce steam and further can generate electricity. <br/><b>Disadvantages: </b>(i) The storage of nuclear fuel is difficult since it is highly radioactive. <br/>(ii) Improper disposal of waste can lead to environmental contamination. <br/>(iii) There is a risk of accidental leakage of radiation.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels? Suggest the steps to minimise the pollution caused by various sources of energy, including non-conventional sources of energy.",
          "ans": "Following are the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels: <br/>(i) Increased level of carbon dioxide is resulting in global warming. Global warming is causing drastic changes in weather patterns worldwide. <br/>(ii) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause acid rain. Acid rain is harmful for buildings and monuments and also for living beings. <br/>(iii) The burning of fossil fuels produces greenhouse effect due to increase in gases like carbon dioxide and results in global warming. <br/>(iv) Increase in air pollution causes more cases of respiratory diseases. <br/>Steps to minimise pollution caused by various sources of energy: <br/>(i) Increased use of public transport. <br/>(ii) The dependency on fossil fuels should be reduced by switching to alternate sources of energy. <br/>(iii) The judicious use of energy by avoiding wastage can reduce environmental problems. <br/>(iv) We should focus on developing technology that could make the energy conservation devices much more efficient and cleaner. <br/>(v) Research should be done/continued to produce long lasting devices so that the environmental damage caused by assembly of devices gets minimised.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write two points of differences between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. Give one example of each.",
          "ans": "<b>Renewable:</b> Supply can be renewed, environment friendly. <br/><b>E.g.:</b> Wind, Sun, Water <br/><b>Non-renewable:</b> Supply is limited, cause environment pollution <br/><b>E.g.:</b> Coal, Petroleum.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What points should be kept in mind while selecting a suitable fuel?",
          "ans": "(i) Whether the fuel is easily available? <br/>(ii) Does it cause pollution? <br/>(iii) Does it produce enough amount of heat?",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a neat diagram of a biogas plant and label. <br/>(i) inlet of slurry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) digester &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iii) gas outlet",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch14c3a.jpg",
            "width": "265",
            "height": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List two ways in which animal dung can be utilised as a fuel. Out of these two which one do you think is better? Justify your answer.",
          "ans": "Two ways: <br/>(i) as cowdung cakes and (ii) as biogas Biogas is better than cow dung cakes because it has high heating capacity and is non-polluting as it burns without smoke and leaves no residue like ash. Slurry left in the biogas plant is a good manure for fields.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Make a list of three features due to which L.P.G. is considered to be a good fuel.",
          "ans": "(i) Releases large amount of energy on burning <br/>(ii) Easy to store <br/>(iii) Easy to transport",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention the transformation of energy that takes place in a thermal power plant.",
          "ans": "In a thermal power plant, the chemical energy of coal is converted into heat energy of steam, which rotates the turbine, and is finally converted into electrical energy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the geothermal energy. How can it be harnessed to produce electrical energy?",
          "ans": "Due to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot region of the earth’s crust are pushed upward and trapped in certain region called hotspots. <br/>When underground water comes in contact with hotspots, steam is generated. <br/>The steam is routed through pipe to a turbine which produces electricity.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain ocean thermal energy and how it can be harnessed. Mention any two limitations in obtaining the energy from the oceans.",
          "ans": "The difference in temperature between warm surface water heated by the sun and colder water found at ocean depth is a source of energy called ocean thermal energy. The difference in temperature is exploited in OTE conversion plants. <br/>The warm surface water is used to boil a volatile liquid like ammonia. The vapours are used to run the turbine of a generator. <br/><b>Limitations</b> <br/>(i) Efficient commercial exploitation is difficult <br/>(ii) Expensive set up",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why are solar heating devices painted black?",
          "ans": "Black bodies are good absorbers of heat. So temperature rises quickly.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Name the device used to convert <br/>(i) solar energy into heat. <br/>(ii) solar energy into electricity. <br/.(iii) Mention two limitations of solar energy.",
          "ans": "(i) Solar cooker (ii) Solar cell <br/>(iii) Two limitations <ul><li>Solar heating devices are useful only at certain times during the day.</li><li>Solar cell panels have high cost and low efficiency of solar cell panels.</li></ul>",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention why it is not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our energy needs. State three reasons to support your answer.",
          "ans": "(i) Availability of special grade silicon used for making solar cells is limited. <br/>(ii) Silver is used for the interconnection of the cells in the panel which adds to its cost. <br/>(iii) Low efficiency of solar cells is another reason.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Draw a well-labelled diagram of a solar cooker. Identify two components in its structure that help in maximising heat absorption in it.",
          "ans": "The two structures that maximise the absorption of solar energy are the following: <br/>(i) The inside of the box is painted black. This helps in quick absorption of sunlight. <br/>(ii) The box is covered by a glass sheet. This traps the sunlight inside using the greenhouse effect and the temperature inside the box rises quickly.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch14c12a.jpg",
            "width": "210",
            "height": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State two destructive uses of nuclear energy.",
          "ans": "Nuclear fission reaction is used to create an atom bomb, and nuclear fusion reaction is used to develop a hydrogen bomb.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How is renewable energy available to us?",
          "ans": "Renewable energy is available in the form of continuous currents of energy as wind, solar and water energy or is stored in large underground reservoirs and can be extracted such as geothermal energy.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What steps would you suggest to minimise environmental pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels?*",
          "ans": "(i) Use of smokeless appliances. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Afforestation",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the limitations in obtaining energy from wind?*",
          "ans": "Wind energy is not largely reliable as wind does not blow with the same speed at all the time of the day. Also, large empty areas are required to set up wind farms.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write two different ways of harnessing energy from ocean.",
          "ans": "The two different ways of harnessing energy from the ocean are the following: <br/>(i) <b>Tidal energy:</b> The energy can be obtained from the rising and falling tides. <br/>(ii) <b>Ocean thermal energy:</b> The solar energy stored in the oceans can be used.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is the role of the plane mirror and the glass sheet in a solar cooker?",
          "ans": "The plane mirror acts as a reflector and the glass sheet enhances the greenhouse effect to trap more heat.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 18,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Mention three advantages of solar cell.",
          "ans": "(i) They have no mechanical parts. (ii) They require no maintenance (iii) They can be used in remote areas.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 19,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What is biomass? How can we obtain bioenergy from biomass?",
          "ans": "The waste material from living things and dead parts of plants and animals is called biomass. <br/>Bioenergy can be obtained from biomass in the form of biogas, which can be used as a fuel and for illumination purposes.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 20,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is there a need to harness non-conventional sources of energy? Give two reasons.",
          "ans": "(i) Our demand for energy is increasing as the population is exploding. <br/>(ii) The amount of fossil fuels is limited.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 21,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do we worry about using energy and wasting it?",
          "ans": "Because energy once consumed is dissipated and cannot be used again.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the energy change that takes place when a candle burns.",
          "ans": "Chemical energy is converted into heat and light energy.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the energy source of our muscular energy?",
          "ans": "The chemical energy that we obtain from our food.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Write the full form of CNG.",
          "ans": "Compressed Natural Gas",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the two major components present in the leftover slurry of a biogas plant.",
          "ans": "Nitrogen and phosphorus",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two constituents of biogas.",
          "ans": "Methane/CH<sub>4</sub>, Hydrogen/H<sub>2</sub>, Hydrogen sulphide/H<sub>2</sub>S, Carbon dioxide/CO<sub>2</sub>.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the major constituent of biogas.",
          "ans": "Methane: 75%.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two combustible components of biogas.",
          "ans": "Methane and hydrogen are two combustible components of biogas.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What are hotspots inside the earth’s crust?",
          "ans": "Hotspots are places within the mantle where rocks melt to generate magma.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Define solar panel.",
          "ans": "A panel which is made up of many solar or photovoltaic cells is known as solar panel.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name a component of solar cooker that produces greenhouse effect inside it.",
          "ans": "Glass plate/sheet that covers the box.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two elements that are used in fabrication of solar cells.",
          "ans": "Silicon/Gallium/Silver",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two indirect ways of using solar energy.",
          "ans": "(i) Converting it into thermal energy: solar heater <br/>(ii) Converting it into electricity: solar cell",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention the main purpose of using a plane mirror in solar cookers.",
          "ans": "Mirror in a solar cooker acts as a reflector of sunlight into the box. It increases the concentration of heat rays in the box.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the necessary conditions to operate an ocean thermal energy conversion plant.",
          "ans": "The difference in temperature of water at the surface of ocean and at deeper levels (at depth up to 2 km) should be 20°C or more.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Compare the energy produced during fission of a uranium atom with the energy produced due to combustion of a carbon atom from coal.",
          "ans": "The fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times more energy as that produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State the criteria that decide the choice of fuel.",
          "ans": "(i) Ease of extracting energy from the source. <br/>(ii) Cost of doing so. <br/>(iii) Effectiveness of technology available. <br/>(iv) Possible environmental damage.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why is the use of solar cells not feasible to meet our daily energy needs?",
          "ans": "Because the assembly of the device causes environmental damage and is expensive.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 18
        }
      ],
      [],
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    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch14_co",
    "fib": "ch14_fib",
    "mcq": "ch14_mcq",
    "nf": "ch14_nf",
    "yn": "ch14_yn",
    "un": "ch14_un",
    "dtf": "ch14_dtf",
    "afq": "ch14_afq",
    "jtf": "ch14_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch14_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch14_ctco",
    "laq": "ch14_laq",
    "afow": "ch14_afow",
    "snc": "ch14_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch14_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch14_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch14_mtf",
    "saq": "ch14_saq",
    "cs": "ch14_cs",
    "map": "ch14_map",
    "gowf": "ch14_gowf",
    "tf": "ch14_tf",
    "grf": "ch14_grf",
    "arbq": "ch14_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch14_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch15",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 15 - Our Environment",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following is an artificial ecosystem?",
          "ans": "(b) Crop field",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pond",
            "(b) Crop field",
            "(c) Lake",
            "(d) Forest"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a food chain, the third trophic level is always occupied by",
          "ans": "(a) carnivores",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carnivores",
            "(b) herbivores",
            "(c) decomposers",
            "(d) producers"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An ecosystem includes",
          "ans": "(c) both (a) and (b)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) all living organisms",
            "(b) physical factors",
            "(c) both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the given food chain suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ. What will be the energy available to at the producer level? <br/>Grass &#x27F6; Grasshopper &#x27F6; Frog &#x27F6; Snake &#x27F6; Hawk",
          "ans": "(d) 5,000 kJ",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 5 kJ",
            "(b) 50 kJ",
            "(c) 500 kJ",
            "(d) 5,000 kJ"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In an ecosystem 10% of energy available for transfer from one trophic level to the next is in the form of",
          "ans": "(d) chemical energy",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) heat energy",
            "(b) light energy",
            "(c) water energy",
            "(d) chemical energy"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Flow of energy in an ecosystem is always",
          "ans": "(a) unidirectional",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) unidirectional",
            "(b) bidirectional",
            "(c) multidirectional",
            "(d) no specific direction"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by all green plants for the process of photosynthesis is about",
          "ans": "(a) 1%",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 1%",
            "(b) 5%",
            "(c) 8%",
            "(d) 10%"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the given figure the various trophic levels are shown in a pyramid. At which trophic level is maximum energy available?",
          "ans": "(a) T<sub>1</sub>",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch15a8.jpg",
            "width": "160",
            "height": "80"
          },
          "options": [
            "(a) T<sub>1</sub>",
            "(b) T<sub>2</sub>",
            "(c) T<sub>3</sub>",
            "(d) T<sub>4</sub>"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Accumulation of non-biodegradable pesticides in the food chain in increasing amount at each higher trophic level is known as",
          "ans": "(c) bio-magnification",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) eutrophication",
            "(b) pollution",
            "(c) bio-magnification",
            "(d) accumulation"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Depletion of ozone is mainly due to",
          "ans": "(b) carbon monoxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) chloroflurocarbon compounds",
            "(b) carbon monoxide",
            "(c) methane",
            "(d) pesticides"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Excessive exposure of humans to UV rays results in",
          "ans": "(d) both (a) and (c)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) damage to immune system",
            "(b) damage to lungs",
            "(c) skin cancer",
            "(d) both (a) and (c)"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the following groups of materials, which group(s) contain only non-biodegradable items? <br/>(i) wood, paper, leather &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) polythene, plastic, PVC <br/>(iii) Plastic, detergent, grass &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Plastic, bakelite, DDT",
          "ans": "(d) (ii) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (iii)",
            "(b) (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following statements is incorrect?",
          "ans": "(c) Carnivores prepare their own food from inorganic compounds.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) All green plants and blue green algae are producers.",
            "(b) Green plants get their food from inorganic compounds.",
            "(c) Carnivores prepare their own food from inorganic compounds.",
            "(d) Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy."
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is/are environment friendly process/es?",
          "ans": "(d) All of the above",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Carrying cloth bags to put purchases in while shopping",
            "(b) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans",
            "(c) Walking to school instead of getting your father to drop you on his scooter",
            "(d) All of the above"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Disposable plastic plates should not be used because",
          "ans": "(d) they are made of non-biodegradable materials.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) they are made of materials with light weight.",
            "(b) they are made of toxic materials.",
            "(c) they are made of biodegradable materials.",
            "(d) they are made of non-biodegradable materials."
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which one of the following is an artificial ecosystem?*",
          "ans": "(b) Crop field",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Pond",
            "(b) Crop field",
            "(c) Lake",
            "(d) Forest"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In a food chain, the third trophic level is always occupied by*",
          "ans": "(a) carnivores",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carnivores",
            "(b) herbivores",
            "(c) decomposers",
            "(d) producers"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "An ecosystem includes*",
          "ans": "(c) both living organisms and physical objects",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) all living organisms",
            "(b) physical characters",
            "(c) both living organisms and physical objects",
            "(d) sometimes living organisms and sometimes non-living objects"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be the energy available at the producer level?* <br/>Grass → Grasshopper &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frog &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Snake &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hawk",
          "ans": "(d) 5000 kJ",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 5 kJ",
            "(b) 50 kJ",
            "(c) 500 kJ",
            "(d) 5000 kJ"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Accumulation of non-biodegradable pesticides in the food chain in increasing amount at each higher trophic level is known as*",
          "ans": "(c) biomagnification",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) eutrophication",
            "(b) pollution",
            "(c) biomagnification",
            "(d) accumulation"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Depletion of ozone is mainly due to*",
          "ans": "(a) chlorofluorocarbon",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) chlorofluorocarbon",
            "(b) carbon monoxide",
            "(c) methane",
            "(d) hydrogen"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Organisms which synthesise carbohydrates from inorganic compounds using radiant energy are called*",
          "ans": "(b) producers",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) decomposers",
            "(b) producers",
            "(c) herbivores",
            "(d) carnivores"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A sequential process of one organism eating the other and itself being eaten by another one is called *",
          "ans": "(d) food chain",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) food web",
            "(b) ecological pyramid",
            "(c) ecosystem",
            "(d) food chain"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain?*",
          "ans": "(a) Decrease in energy at higher trophic levels",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Decrease in energy at higher trophic levels",
            "(b) Insufficient food supply",
            "(c) Polluted air",
            "(d) Water"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which group of organisms are not constituents of a food chain?* <br/>(i) Grass, lion, rabbit, wolf &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Plankton, man, fish, grasshopper <br/>(iii) Wolf, grass, snake, tiger &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (iv) Frog, snake, eagle, grass, grasshopper",
          "ans": "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iii)",
            "(b) (iii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(d) (i) and (iv)"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "What will happen if deer is missing in the food chain given below?* <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Grass &#x27F6; Deer &#x27F6; Tiger",
          "ans": "(d) The amount of grass will increase and the population of tiger will decrease.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) The population of tigers will increase.",
            "(b) The amount of grass will increase and the population of tiger will increase.",
            "(c) The tigers will start eating grass.",
            "(d) The amount of grass will increase and the population of tiger will decrease."
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The decomposers in an ecosystem*",
          "ans": "(b) convert organic material to inorganic forms",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) convert inorganic material, to simpler forms",
            "(b) convert organic material to inorganic forms",
            "(c) convert inorganic materials into organic compounds",
            "(d) do not breakdown organic compounds"
          ],
          "val": 27
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "If a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from*",
          "ans": "(c) primary consumer to secondary consumer",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) producer to decomposer",
            "(b) producer to primary consumer",
            "(c) primary consumer to secondary consumer",
            "(d) secondary consumer to primary consumer"
          ],
          "val": 28
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Mention the difference between the food habits of the organisms belonging to the first and third trophic levels. Give one example of each of them.",
          "ans": null,
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "First trophic level",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "1. These organisms are called producers.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2. They are autotrophs and they convert solar energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis, e.g. all green plants.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Third trophic level",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "1. These organisms are called secondary consumers.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "2. They are heterotrophs and they depend on other animals for food, e.g. carnivores like lions.",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is an ecosystem? List its two main components. Why are natural ponds or lakes not cleaned regularly, but an aquarium needs to be cleaned regularly. Explain.",
          "ans": "An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms living together with non-living components interacting as a system. <br/>• Two main components of an ecosystem are <br/>(i) Biotic component &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) Abiotic component <br/>An aquarium is an artificial and incomplete ecosytem compared to ponds or lakes which are natural, self-sustaining and complete ecosystems. In natural ecosystems there is a perfect recycling of materials. <br/>• We need to clean the aquarium because <br/>(i) natural decomposers are absent &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (ii) water is stagnant.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?",
          "ans": "(i) If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level an imbalance is created in the food chain. <br/>(ii) The population of organisms in previous trophic level will increase. For example, if we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants. <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Green plants &#x27F6; Insects &#x27F6; Frog <br/>(iii) This will also affect the population in the next trophic level. The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease as they will not get enough food.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances with the help of one example each. List two changes in habit that people must adopt to dispose non-biodegradable waste, for saving the environment.",
          "ans": "Two methods of disposal of non-biodegradable wastes are <br/>(i) <b>Recycling:</b> The wastes are treated and some new materials are extracted. <br/>(ii) <b>Incineration:</b> In this process medical and toxic waste are burnt at high temperature. Incinerators transform the waste into ash so that they do not damage the environment further.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [
            {
              "image": "Biodegradable substance",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It can be broken into simpler compounds by biological processes.e.g. sewage, wood, paper",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption2": [
            {
              "image": "Non-biodegradable substance",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            },
            {
              "image": "It cannot be broken down into simpler compounds by biological processes.e.g. plastic, DDT, polythene bags",
              "width": null,
              "height": null
            }
          ],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?",
          "ans": "Non-biodegradable solid waste is a great environmental hazard. Problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes are listed below: <br/> (i) Plastic and its waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses/bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous. They choke the drains. <br/>(ii) They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil. <br/>(iii) They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground. <br/>(iv) They cause water pollution and the water becomes unfit for drinking. <br/>(v) Plastic wastes when mixed with municipal waste make it unfit for recycling. <br/>(vi) Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply stay in the environment for a long time.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?",
          "ans": "Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight which is very harmful to human beings. If the ozone layer in the atmosphere is depleted, these radiations would reach the earth and would cause many diseases, such as skin cancer, genetic disorders in humans and other living beings. <br/>The steps taken to limit the damage of ozone layer are as follows: <br/>(i) The use of aerosol sprays like chloroflourocarbons should be judicious, so that they do not cause the depletion of ozone layer. <br/>(ii) Use of supersonic planes should be limited. <br/>(iii) The government should exercise control over large scale nuclear explosions.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is the existence of decomposers essential in a biosphere?",
          "ans": "Decomposers feed on dead plants and animals. They break down the complex organic matter into simple components, which are returned to the surroundings. Thus decomposers are essential in a biosphere to maintain a steady state of the environment.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What will be the consequence of the absence of decomposers in an ecosystem?",
          "ans": "Decomposers break down the complex substances like dead organisms and garbage into simple inorganic compounds which go into the soil and are used again. Thus in the absence of decomposers, the recycling of materials won’t occur in a biosphere.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Indicate the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Why is it unidirectional? Justify.",
          "ans": "Energy flow in an ecosystem is always unidirectional or one way i.e. <br/>Solar energy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Producers &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Herbivores &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#x27F6;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Carnivores <br/>Producers capture solar energy and prepare their food by photosynthesis. No other organism is capable of capturing energy. Also once captured the energy cannot be sent back. Hence the flow remains unidirectional.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Suggest any four activities in daily life which are eco-friendly.",
          "ans": "Activities in daily life which are eco-friendly are given below: <br/>(i) Use of compost and vermi-compost in place of fertilisers <br/>(ii) Gardening <br/>(iii) Rainwater harvesting <br/>(iv) Use of gunny bags or paper bags in place of single use plastic bags",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does UV radiation help in the formation of ozone? Write the chemical reaction. Also name the pollutant which leads to depletion of ozone layer.",
          "ans": "The high energy of UV radiations breakdown some molecules of O<sub>2</sub> into atoms of oxygen. One atom of oxygen combines with one molecule of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) to form ozone (O<sub>3</sub>). Ozone layer prevents UV rays to reach the earth surface.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": "ch15c5a.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "72"
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Suggest suitable mechanisms for waste management in fertiliser industries.",
          "ans": "(i) Only treated and harmless effluents should be discharged into the environment. <br/>(ii) Air pollution should be controlled.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Write the common food chain of a pond ecosystem.*",
          "ans": "Phytoplanktons and aquatic plants → (small aquatic animals, larvae, insects etc.) → fish → bird",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the advantages of cloth bags over plastic bags during shopping?*",
          "ans": "Cloth bags are <br/>(i) capable of carrying more things. (ii) made of biodegradable material. <br/>(iii) do not pollute our environment. (iv) can be reused.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances. Cite examples.*",
          "ans": "Substances that are broken down into simpler substances by biological processes are said to be biodegradable. Examples, wood, paper. <br/>Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by biological processes are said to be non-biodegradable. Examples, plastic, DDT.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Explain the role of decomposers in the environment.*",
          "ans": "Decomposers break down the dead and decaying organic matter and return the nutrients to the soil. Thus, they play a very important role in nutrient recycling in the environment.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Select the mismatched pair in the following and correct it.* <br/>(i) Biomagnification — Accumulation of chemicals at the successive trophic levels of a food chain <br/>(ii) Ecosystem — Biotic components of environment <br/>(iii) Aquarium — A man-made ecosystem <br/>(iv) Parasites — Organisms which obtain food from other living organisms",
          "ans": "(ii) is not a matching pair <br/>Both biotic and abiotic components of environment constitute an ecosystem.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "We do not clean ponds or lakes, but an aquarium needs to be cleaned. Why?*",
          "ans": "An aquarium is an artificial and incomplete ecosystem in contrast to a pond/lake which are natural, self-sustaining and complete ecosystems.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is an ecosystem? <br/> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OR <br/>Define an ecosystem.",
          "ans": "An ecosystem consists of living and nonliving components interacting as a biological system.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "List two manmade ecosystems.",
          "ans": "Garden and crop-field",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "We often use the word environment. What does it mean?",
          "ans": "Environment is the physical, chemical and biological condition of a region. It is everything surrounding us.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two abiotic components of an ecosystem.",
          "ans": "Temperature, rainfall, soil, minerals (any two out of these)",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "In the following food chain grass provides 4000 J energy to grasshopper. How much energy will be available for frog and snake? <br/>Grass &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Grasshopper &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frog &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Snake",
          "ans": "Grass &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Grasshopper &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frog &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#x27F6; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Snake <br/>(4000J) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (400J) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (40J) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (4J) <br/>So, for snakes and frogs, 4 J and 40J energy will be available, respectively, according to the 10 % law.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why do producers always occupy the first trophic level in every food chain?",
          "ans": "Producers (plants) trap the solar energy and with the help of chlorophyll they make their own food and hence occur in the first level of every food chain.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Pesticides added to a field are seen in increased amounts in the crop and in the birds that feed on them. What is this phenomenon called?",
          "ans": "Biological magnification",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why should biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes be discarded in two different dustbins.",
          "ans": "(i) It saves time for separation. <br/>(ii) Biodegradable items can be sent directly for composting. <br/>(iii) Non-biodegradable items can be sent for an appropriate reuse/recycle.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What happens during the first step of ozone formation in the atmosphere?",
          "ans": "Oxygen splits into two oxygen atoms in the presence of ultraviolet rays.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Which chemical is used in fire extinguishers? How it is harmful?",
          "ans": "Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are used in fire extinguishers. It depletes ozone layer.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "The following organisms form a food chain. Which of these will have the highest concentration of non-biodegradable chemicals? Name the phenomenon associated with it: Hawk, Grass, Snake, Frog, Insects.",
          "ans": "Hawk will have the highest non-biodegradable chemicals. <br/>This phenomenon is called biological magnification.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Mention one negative effect of our affluent lifestyle on the environment.",
          "ans": "Industrial wastes, domestic sewage, emission from vehicles cause pollution in the environment.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State a way to prevent accumulation of harmful chemicals in our bodies.",
          "ans": "We should minimise the use of chemicals/pesticides in agriculture.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the gas which is produced due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuel.",
          "ans": "Carbon monoxide",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
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      [],
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    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch15_co",
    "fib": "ch15_fib",
    "mcq": "ch15_mcq",
    "nf": "ch15_nf",
    "yn": "ch15_yn",
    "un": "ch15_un",
    "dtf": "ch15_dtf",
    "afq": "ch15_afq",
    "jtf": "ch15_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch15_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch15_ctco",
    "laq": "ch15_laq",
    "afow": "ch15_afow",
    "snc": "ch15_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch15_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch15_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch15_mtf",
    "saq": "ch15_saq",
    "cs": "ch15_cs",
    "map": "ch15_map",
    "gowf": "ch15_gowf",
    "tf": "ch15_tf",
    "grf": "ch15_grf",
    "arbq": "ch15_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch15_cbq"
  },
  {
    "subject": "Science",
    "chapter": "ch16",
    "chapterName": "Chapter 16 - Management of Natural Resources",
    "all": [
      [
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "From the list given below, pick the item that is not a natural resource.",
          "ans": "(c) Electricity",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Soil",
            "(b) Water",
            "(c) Electricity",
            "(d) Air"
          ],
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The most rapidly dwindling natural resource in the world is ____________.",
          "ans": "(b) forest",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) water",
            "(b) forest",
            "(c) wind",
            "(d) sunlight"
          ],
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The most appropriate definition of a natural resource is that it is a substance/commodity that is ____________.",
          "ans": "(b) a gift of nature which is very useful to mankind",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) present only on land",
            "(b) a gift of nature which is very useful to mankind",
            "(c) a man-made substance placed in nature",
            "(d) available only in the forest"
          ],
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pH of a water sample collected from a river was found to be acidic in the range of 3.5 – 4.5. On the banks of the river, several factories were discharging effluents into the river. The effluents of which one of the following factories is the most likely cause for lowering the pH of river water?",
          "ans": "(b) Lead battery manufacturing factory",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Soap and detergent factory",
            "(b) Lead battery manufacturing factory",
            "(c) Plastic cup manufacturing factory",
            "(d) Alcohol distillery"
          ],
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The three R’s that will help us to conserve natural resources for long term use are ____________.",
          "ans": "(d) reduce, reuse, recycle",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) recycle, regenerate, reuse",
            "(b) reduce, regenerate, reuse",
            "(c) reduce, reuse, redistribute",
            "(d) reduce, reuse, recycle"
          ],
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The main cause of abundant coliform bacteria in the river Ganga is __________________.",
          "ans": "(a) disposal of unburnt corpses into the water",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) disposal of unburnt corpses into the water",
            "(b) discharge of effluents from electroplating industries",
            "(c) washing of clothes",
            "(d) immersion of ashes"
          ],
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Expand the abbreviation ‘GAP’.",
          "ans": "(c) Ganga Action Plan",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Governmental Agency for Pollution Control",
            "(b) Gross Assimilation by Photosynthesis",
            "(c) Ganga Action Plan",
            "(d) Governmental Agency for Animal Protection"
          ],
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the incorrect statement.",
          "ans": "(a) Sustainable development does not consider the viewpoints of stakeholders.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Sustainable development does not consider the viewpoints of stakeholders.",
            "(b) Economic development is linked to environmental conservation.",
            "(c) Sustainable development implies a change in all aspects of life.",
            "(d) None of these"
          ],
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "In our country, vast tracks of forests are cleared and a single species of plant is cultivated. This practice promotes ______________.",
          "ans": "(b) mono-culture in the area",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) biodiversity in the area",
            "(b) mono-culture in the area",
            "(c) growth of natural forest",
            "(d) preserving the natural ecosystem in the area"
          ],
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Arabari forest of West Bengal is dominated by _______________.",
          "ans": "(b) sal",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) teak",
            "(b) sal",
            "(c) bamboo",
            "(d) mangrove"
          ],
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The important message conveyed by the Chipko Movement is __________________.",
          "ans": "(a) to involve the community in forest conservation efforts",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) to involve the community in forest conservation efforts",
            "(b) to ignore the community in forest conservation efforts",
            "(c) to cut down forest trees for developmental activities",
            "(d) that government agencies have the unquestionable right to order destruction of trees in forest"
          ],
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Ground water will not be depleted due to ____________________.",
          "ans": "(a) afforestation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) afforestation",
            "(b) thermal power plants",
            "(c) loss of forest and decreased rainfall",
            "(d) cropping of high water demanding crops"
          ],
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Opposition to the construction of large dams is due to _________________.",
          "ans": "(d) all of these",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) social reasons",
            "(b) economic reasons",
            "(c) environmental reasons",
            "(d) all of these"
          ],
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Khadins, Bundhis, Ahars and Kattas are ancient structures that are examples for ___________________.",
          "ans": "(c) water harvesting",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) grain storage",
            "(b) wood storage",
            "(c) water harvesting",
            "(d) soil conservation"
          ],
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "It is important to make small check dams across the flooded gullies because they ______________.",
          "ans": "(c) both (a) and (b)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) hold water and prevent soil erosion",
            "(b) recharge ground water",
            "(c) both (a) and (b)",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 15
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Pick the right combination which has no fossil fuel.",
          "ans": "(c) Wind, wood, sun",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Wind, ocean, coal",
            "(b) Kerosene, wind, tide",
            "(c) Wind, wood, sun",
            "(d) Petroleum, wood, sun"
          ],
          "val": 16
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is a green house gas?",
          "ans": "(a) Carbon dioxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Carbon dioxide",
            "(b) Hydrogen sulphide",
            "(c) Nitrogen dioxide",
            "(d) Oxygen"
          ],
          "val": 17
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Fossil fuels have been formed from ________________.",
          "ans": "(b) biomass",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) water",
            "(b) biomass",
            "(c) land",
            "(d) wind"
          ],
          "val": 18
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "When combustion of fossil fuels takes place in insufficient oxygen, the gas produced is ____________.",
          "ans": "(d) carbon monoxide",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) carbon dioxide",
            "(b) hydrogen sulphide",
            "(c) nitrogen dioxide",
            "(d) carbon monoxide"
          ],
          "val": 19
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Using of excessive fossil fuels may lead to _______________.",
          "ans": "(a) intense global warming",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) intense global warming",
            "(b) depletion of underground water",
            "(c) deforestation",
            "(d) none of these"
          ],
          "val": 20
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "The pH range most conducive for life of fresh water plants and animals is ______________.*",
          "ans": "(a) 6.5 – 7.5",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) 6.5 – 7.5",
            "(b) 2.0 – 3.5",
            "(c) 3.5 – 5.0",
            "(d) 9.0 – 10.5"
          ],
          "val": 21
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Given below are a few statements related to biodiversity. Pick those that correctly describe the concept of biodiversity.* <br/>(i) Biodiversity refers to the different species of flora and fauna present in an area. <br/>(ii) Biodiversity refers to only the flora of a given area. <br/>(iii) Biodiversity is greater in a forest. <br/>(iv) Biodiversity refers to the total number of individuals of a particular species living in an area.",
          "ans": "(c) (i) and (iii)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (ii)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(c) (i) and (iii)",
            "(d) (ii) and (iii)"
          ],
          "val": 22
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Among the statements given below, select the ones that correctly describe the concept of sustainable development.* <br/>(i) Planned growth with minimum damage to the environment <br/>(ii) Growth irrespective of the extent of damage caused to the environment <br/>(iii) Stopping all developmental work to  conserve the environment <br/>(iv) Growth that is acceptable to all the stakeholders",
          "ans": "(a) (i) and (iv)",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) (i) and (iv)",
            "(b) (ii) and (iii)",
            "(c) (ii) and (iv)",
            "(d) (iii) only"
          ],
          "val": 23
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "A successful forest conservation strategy should involve __________________.*",
          "ans": "(d) comprehensive programme to protect all the physical and biological components",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) protection of animals at the highest trophic level",
            "(b) protection of only consumers",
            "(c) protection of only herbivores",
            "(d) comprehensive programme to protect all the physical and biological components"
          ],
          "val": 24
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Which of the following is not a natural resource?*",
          "ans": "(d) Wooden house",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Mango tree",
            "(b) Snake",
            "(c) Wind",
            "(d) Wooden house"
          ],
          "val": 25
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the wrong statement.*",
          "ans": "(c) Forests do not conserve soil.",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Forests provide variety of products.",
            "(b) Forests have greater plant diversity.",
            "(c) Forests do not conserve soil.",
            "(d) Forests conserve water."
          ],
          "val": 26
        },
        {
          "heading": "Multiple Choice Question.",
          "qus": "Select the eco-friendly activity among the following:*",
          "ans": "(d) Using windmills to generate power for irrigation",
          "code": "MCQ",
          "width": null,
          "height": null,
          "optn": null,
          "options": [
            "(a) Using car for transportation",
            "(b) Using polybags for shopping",
            "(c) Using dyes for colouring clothes",
            "(d) Using windmills to generate power for irrigation"
          ],
          "val": 27
        }
      ],
      [],
      [],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Write an example each for five R’s to save the environment.",
          "ans": "<b>Refuse:</b> We should stop using single use plastic carry bags. <br/><b>Reduce:</b> We should save electricity by switching off lights and fans when not in use. <br/><b>Reuse:</b> Bottles of pickles and jams can be reused for storing things. <br/><b>Repurpose:</b> Cracked and broken pots can be used to grow plants.<br/><b>Recycle:</b> Items like plastic, paper and glass should be collected and recycled.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is watershed management? List two benefits derived from communities that participate in this system?",
          "ans": "Watershed management means conservation of water to increase the biomass production. It is a highland area which allows the water to flow into a river. It involves interactions of water, soil vegetation, animals and human beings. The benefits derived from this system are: it maintains water supply and prevents water shortage. It provides water for irrigation and for hydro-power generation. It reduces the chances of floods and droughts.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Suggest a few measures for controlling carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.",
          "ans": "(i) Reducing the consumption of fossil fuels <br/>(ii) Use of clean fuels like CNG <br/>(iii) Planting of large number of trees <br/>(iv) Removing harmful gases from smoke before it is discharged into the atmosphere",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Suggest three ways to maintain a balance between the environment to survive.",
          "ans": "Three ways to maintain a balance between the environment to survive are given below: <br/>(i) Forest resources should be used in a judicious manner so that the environment is not harmed. <br/>(ii) Instead of using non-renewable natural resources, renewable natural resources should be used. <br/>(iii) Waste generated by industries should be recycled.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why is forest important as a resource?",
          "ans": "(i) Forests provide food and shelter to wild life. <br/>(ii) They play a major role in regulating the water cycle. <br/>(iii) They improve the water holding capacity of the soil. <br/>(iv) They balance the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus, clean the environment. <br/>(v) They provide us useful products like wood and paper.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Mention the role of forests in conserving the environment. How do the forests get depleted?",
          "ans": "(i) They preserve the biodiversity of a region. <br/>(ii) They provide clean air in the atmosphere. <br/>The for ests get depleted due to: <br/>(i) Excessive felling of trees <br/>(ii) Destroying biodiversity to produce one particular kind of tree",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "Why do we need to manage our resources?",
          "ans": "(i) These resources are limited and with human population increasing at a tremendous rate, the demand for all resources is increasing. <br/>(ii) The management of natural resources should be done sensibly so that this will last for generations to come. <br/>(iii) Management of resources will distribute the resources equally and make them available to all. <br/>(iv) Management of resources will preserve the biodiversity and prevent the damage caused due to pollution.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in detail.",
          "qus": "What is the purpose of sustainable development? Why is reuse considered better than recycling?",
          "ans": "(i) The concept of sustainable development encourages the forms of growth that meet current basic human needs and also preserve the resources for the needs of future generations. Economic development is linked to environmental conservation. Sustainable development implies a change in all aspects of life. It depends upon the willingness of the people to change their perception and the readiness of each individual to change the current use of natural resources. <br/>(ii) Reuse means an activity that lengthens the life of an item. Recycling is the processing of used and waste items to make raw materials for new items. Reuse reduces the challenges of waste reduction and also sustains comfortable quality of life.",
          "code": "LATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Give one example each from your daily life where domestic waste can be effectively reused and recycled.",
          "ans": "<b>Reuse:</b> The empty bottles of jams and pickles can be used for storage. <br/><b>Recycle:</b> We can recycle old papers, aluminium cans, etc.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 1,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List two causes of pollution of river Ganga.",
          "ans": "Major causes of pollution of river Ganga: <br/>(i) Release of industrial waste into the river <br/>(ii) People throw food items, images of gods and goddesses into the river.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 2,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "On what factors does sustainable development depend?",
          "ans": "It depends on (i) changes in all aspects of our life, (ii) willingness of the people to change their lifestyle.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 3,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What was peculiar about Vedic period?",
          "ans": "Both productive and protective aspect of forest vegetation was emphasised. Variety of ethno forestry practices like sacred forests and groves were practised.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 4,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List the benefits which Chipko Movement brought to local population.",
          "ans": "(i) Local people got benefited from the forest products. <br/>(ii) Wildlife and nature was conserved.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 5,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forest.",
          "ans": "(i) By law enforcement <br/>(ii) Reforesting the forest land where many trees have been cut",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 6,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Water is a valuable resource. List two ways that you would suggest every family member to save this resource.",
          "ans": "(i) Turn-off the taps when not in use. <br/>(ii) Check all the pipelines. Any leakage in the pipeline should be repaired on time.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 7,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List any two measures that you suggest for better management of water resources.",
          "ans": "(i) Roof top rainwater harvesting <br/>(ii) Watershed management",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 8,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "List any two traditional systems of water harvesting.",
          "ans": "Two traditional system of water harvesting are given below: <br/>(i) Collection of water in ponds (ii) Construction of small earthen dams",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 9,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "State two changes that you can make in your habits to reduce the consumption of electricity or water.",
          "ans": "We can be eco-friendly by: <br/>(i) Turning off unnecessary light and fans <br/>(ii) Practicing rainwater harvesting",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 10,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "How does mining cause environmental pollution?",
          "ans": "The main effect of mining is the physical deformation of the landscape and the production of harmful waste materials. In general, only a small amount of the ore is valuable, remaining all is a waste.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 11,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "What are the disadvantages of using fossil fuels?",
          "ans": "(i) Release of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause air pollution. <br/>(ii) They are non-renewable so they will get exhausted.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 12,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Why is it said that the use of fossil fuels should be done judiciously?",
          "ans": "Fossil fuels will ultimately be exhausted one day. Moreover, the combustion of fossil fuels causes pollution. Hence, they must be used judiciously.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 13,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Prepare a list of five items that you use daily in the school. Identify from the list such items that can be recycled.*",
          "ans": "Paper, rexin bag, blade, pen, plastic box, scale, eraser, compass and dividers (metallic), steel lunch box and steel spoon. <br/>Paper, blade, plastic box, eraser, compass, steel lunch box and steel spoon can be recycled",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 14,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "In a village in Karnataka, people started cultivating crops all around a lake which was always filled with water. They added fertilisers to their field in order to enhance the yield. Soon, they discovered that the waterbody was completely covered with green floating plants and fishes started dying in large numbers. <br/>Analyse the situation and give reasons for excessive growth of plants and death of fish in the lake.*",
          "ans": "Since people used excessive fertilisers in the fields, they were carried down to the lake during rains. As many fertilisers contain phosphates and nitrates, the water body became enriched with these chemicals. These chemicals promote excessive growth of aquatic plants so the surface of water was completely covered with plants (eutrophication). <br/>Depletion of light in the water body and insufficient availability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients resulted in the death of fish.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 15,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "Although coal and petroleum are produced by degradation of bio-mass, yet we need to conserve them. Why?*",
          "ans": "Both the energy sources, coal and petroleum, take millions of years for their formation. As these resources are being utilised at a much faster rate than their formation, they will be exhausted in the near future, hence they need to be conserved.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 16,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        },
        {
          "heading": "Answer the following questions in short.",
          "qus": "(i) Locate and name the water reservoirs in figures (a) and (b).* <br/>(ii) Which has an advantage over the other and why?",
          "ans": "(i) The water reservoir is a pond in figure (a) and underground water body in figure (b). <br/>(ii) Figure (b) has more advantage than figure (a) because the advantages of water stored in the ground are many.<br/>For example: <br/>(a) It does not evaporate. <br/>(b) It spreads out to recharge wells. <br/>(c) It provides moisture for vegetation over a wide area. <br/>(d) It is protected from contamination by animal and human wastes. <br/>(e) It prevents breeding of insects.",
          "code": "SATQ",
          "options": null,
          "val": 17,
          "option1": [],
          "option2": [],
          "option3": [],
          "option4": [],
          "aoption1": [],
          "aoption2": [],
          "aoption3": [],
          "aoption4": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": "ch16c17.jpg",
            "width": "500",
            "height": "196"
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          }
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "The presence of a particular group of bacteria in water bodies indicates contamination. Identify the group.",
          "ans": "Coliform bacteria",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 1
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name some natural resources that we need to sustain and conserve.",
          "ans": "Forests, wildlife, water, coal and petroleum.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 2
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What was the Ganga action plan?",
          "ans": "It was a project implemented in 1985 related to the poor quality of water in river Ganga.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 3
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How can we check the pH level of water in the rivers?",
          "ans": "Using a universal indicator",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 4
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name any two forest products each of which is the basis for some industry.",
          "ans": "(i) Pinewood is used in matchbox industry. <br/>(ii) Bamboo is used in paper industry.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 5
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the tree for which Amrita Devi Bishnoi and others sacrificed their lives.",
          "ans": "Khejri tree",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 6
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "State one reason for the conservation of forest and wildlife.",
          "ans": "Forest and wildlife conservation is needed to restore ecological balance.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 7
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "How does increasing demands for energy adversely affect our environment",
          "ans": "More and more natural resources are being exploited to meet the growing demands for energy. Pollutants are emitted and this leads to greenhouse effect and global warming.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 8
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name the dam on river Narmada whose height the government wants to raise.",
          "ans": "Sardar Sarovar Dam",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 9
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What is the advantage of water stored in the ground?",
          "ans": "(i) Recharges the groundwater <br/>(ii) Prevents evaporation of water",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 10
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "What does the high level of coliform count in river Ganga indicate?",
          "ans": "It indicates that the water is contaminated by disease causing microorganisms.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 11
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two gases produced other than carbon dioxide due to the burning of fossil fuels.",
          "ans": "Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 12
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name two elements other than carbon present in the fossil fuels.",
          "ans": "Hydrogen and sulphur",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 13
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?",
          "ans": "Because they are formed from the buried remains of plants and animals over millions of years",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 14
        },
        {
          "heading": "Very short answer type questions.",
          "qus": "Name four main components of coal and petroleum.",
          "ans": "Petroleum and coal are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur.",
          "code": "VSAQ",
          "option1": null,
          "option2": null,
          "option3": null,
          "aoption1": null,
          "aoption2": null,
          "aoption3": null,
          "pic": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "ansimg": {
            "image": null,
            "width": null,
            "height": null
          },
          "val": 15
        }
      ],
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      []
    ],
    "grade": "Grade 10",
    "co": "ch16_co",
    "fib": "ch16_fib",
    "mcq": "ch16_mcq",
    "nf": "ch16_nf",
    "yn": "ch16_yn",
    "un": "ch16_un",
    "dtf": "ch16_dtf",
    "afq": "ch16_afq",
    "jtf": "ch16_jtf",
    "ctt": "ch16_ctt",
    "ctco": "ch16_ctco",
    "laq": "ch16_laq",
    "afow": "ch16_afow",
    "snc": "ch16_snc",
    "vsaq": "ch16_vsaq",
    "pbq": "ch16_pbq",
    "mtf": "ch16_mtf",
    "saq": "ch16_saq",
    "cs": "ch16_cs",
    "map": "ch16_map",
    "gowf": "ch16_gowf",
    "tf": "ch16_tf",
    "grf": "ch16_grf",
    "arbq": "ch16_arbq",
    "cbq": "ch16_cbq"
  }
]

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit